Chronology of Christianity (1AD-Present)
Last Update: 28 May 1997 (corrections made)
The purpose of this chronology is to assist Christians of any denomination in their search for knowledge and truth regarding the development of the Christian religion. The primary sources used in assembling this list include a chronology by Paul Harvey available on the Internet from pharvey@quack.kfu.com, The World Almanac and Book of Facts, the Academic American Encyclopedia (on Compuserve), Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, and The English Versions of the Bible by John Berchmans Dockery O.F.M. Question marks on dates indicate approximate dates, question marks on other information indicates information which is theoretical and/or not universally accepted as fact. | 1AD-36? | Life of Jesus Christ |
| 1AD | First year in Christian calendar (a.d. = anno Domini) (see 525), Augustus |
| | (Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) is emperor of Rome |
| 6 | Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as |
| | province Iudaea under direct Roman administration, cap. Caesarea |
| 6-? | Quirinius: Legate (Governor) of Syria, 1st Roman tax census of Iudaea |
| 6-9 | Coponius: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) |
| 7-26 | Brief period of peace, free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee |
| 9-12? | M. Ambivius: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) |
| 12?-15 | Annius Rufus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) |
| 14-37 | Tiberius I emperor of Rome, b. 42BC |
| 25? | Assumption (Testament) of Moses, original Hebrew extant Latin (Apocrypha) |
| 26-36 | Pontius Pilate: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) |
| 27-29? | John the Baptist begins ministry (Luke 3,1-2) (15th year of Tiberius) |
| 27-34? | Jesus baptized by John the Baptist (Mk1:4-11) |
| 33-34? | John the Baptist arrested and killed by Herod Antipas (Luke 3,19-20) |
| 33-36? | Jesus' ministry |
| 36? | Jesus crucified, Friday, Nisan 14th, March 30th, [Ref: John, Unauthorized |
| | Version/Fox] Last Supper would have been Thursday evening. (7Apr30 & |
| | 3Apr33 possible Fri/14/Nisan crucifixion dates) |
| 36?-65? | Period of oral tradition in Christianity between the time of Jesus and the time |
| | the first gospel (Mark) is written, original Christians disperse throughout |
| | Judea and Samaria (Acts 8,1ff), Peter leads the new Christian Church, |
| | moves the Church headquarters to Rome |
| 36?-67 | Period Peter leads the new Christian Church, moves the church headquarters |
| | from Jerusalem to Rome |
| 36?-37 | Paul of Tarsus has Stephen martyred and the Jerusalem church destroyed |
| 37 | Paul of Tarsus is converted (Acts 9) |
| 37-41 | Gaius Caligula emperor of Rome, declared himself god |
| 37-41? | Marullus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea) |
| 40 | Paul goes to Jerusalem to consult with Peter (Gal 1, 18-20) |
| 41-54 | Claudius emperor of Rome, killed by poisoning by his wife Agrippina |
| 44 | James, brother of John, executed by Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12, 1-3) |
| 47-48 | Paul and Barnabas on Cyprus (Acts 13, 4-12) |
| 48-49 | Council of Jerusalem, 1st Christian Council, doctrine regarding circumcision |
| | and dietary law is agreed to by apostles and presbyters, written in a letter |
| | addressed to "the brothers of Gentile origin in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia" |
| | (Acts 15) |
| 48-57? | Paul writes Galations |
| 49-50 | Paul in Corinth (Acts 18) |
| 50? | Peshitta translation begun, Hebrew OT->Syriac Aramaic, (Greek NT in 400) |
| 50? | Ascension of Isaiah, original written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible) |
| 51-52 | Paul writes 1 Thes |
| 51-52 | Paul writes 2 Thes |
| 53-62 | Paul writes Phil |
| 54-68 | Nero emperor of Rome |
| 56 | Paul writes 1 Corin |
| 57 | Paul writes Romans |
| 57 | Paul writes 2 Corin |
| 57 | Paul's last visit to Jerusalem [Acts21] |
| 58 | Paul arrested, imprisoned in Caesarea [Acts25:4] |
| 59 | Nero kills his mother, Agrippina |
| 60 | Paul imprisoned in Rome (Acts 28,16) |
| 61-63? | Paul? writes Ephesians |
| 61-63 | Paul writes Philemon |
| 61-63 | Paul writes Colossians |
| 61-63? | Paul? writes 1,2 Timothy, Titus, known as "pastoral epistles" |
| 62? | James written by leader of Jerusalem community? (Gal 2,9?), "catholic" |
| | epistle |
| 62 | Paul martyred for treason in Rome |
| 62 | {Being therefore this kind of person [i.e., a heartless Sadducee], Ananus, |
| | thinking that he had a favorable opportunity because Festus had died and |
| | Albinus was still on his way, called a meeting [literally, "sanhedrin"] of |
| | judges and brought into it the brother of Jesus-who-is-called-Messiah, |
| | James by name, and some others. He made the accusation that they had |
| | transgressed the law, and he handed them over to be stoned.} |
| | [JA20.9.1,Marginal Jew,p.57] |
| 62 | Nero kills his wife Octavia and marries Poppaea Sabina |
| 64 | Great fire of Rome, started by Nero and blamed on Christians, {Therefore to |
| | squelch the rumor , Nero |
| | created scapegoats and subjected to the most refined tortures those whom |
| | the common people called "Christians," [a group] hated for their abominable |
| | crimes. Their name comes from Christ, who, during the reign of Tiberius, had |
| | been executed by the procurator Pontius Pilate. Suppressed for the moment, |
| | the deadly superstition broke out again, not only in Judea, the land which |
| | originated this evil, but also in the city of Rome, where all sorts of |
| | horrendous and shameful practices from every part of the world converge |
| | and are fervently cultivated.} [Tacitus Annals 15.44;Marginal |
| | Jew;Meier;p.89-90] |
| 64-95? | 1 Peter written in Rome, by Peter the apostle?, "catholic" epistle |
| 65-125 | Period in which 4 Gospels, Acts, Revelations, and remaining epistles written |
| | - Peter martyred before 1st Holy Gospel is written, 7 Popes before last |
| | epistle is completed |
| 65? | Q written, (German:Quelle, meaning "source") a hypothetical Greek text used |
| | in writing of Matthew and Luke |
| 65-150 | Didache: Instructions of the Apostles written |
| 65-150 | Dialogue of the Savior, Gospel of Peter |
| 65-150 | Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1224 fragments: pub. 1914 |
| 65-150 | Gospel of Thomas written, based on Q?, pub. 1959, Greek originals: Papyrus |
| | Ox. 1,654-5 |
| 65-175 | Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840 fragments: pub. 1908 |
| 65-175 | Papyrus Egerton 2 (Unknown Gospel) fragments: pub. 1935/87, in Greek |
| | from Palestine, one of the oldest extant Christian texts (~175) |
| 65-250 | Papyrus Fayum (P. Vindob. G. 2325) fragments: pub. 1887 |
| 65-350 | "Jewish-Christian Gospels": 7 fragments of Gospel of the Ebionites and 7 |
| | fragments of Gospel of the Hebrews in Greek; 36 fragments of Gospel of the |
| | Nazarenes in Aramaic; [Ref: NT Apocrypha, W. Schneemelcher, vol. 1] |
| 66-70 | Roman-Jewish War: final destruction of Second Temple (Herod's Temple) |
| 67 | Peter martyred, crucified upside down in Rome |
| 67-78 | Pope Linus, 2nd Pope, succeeds Peter (Linus mentioned in 2 Tm 4,21) |
| 67 | General Vespasian of Rome conquers Galilee |
| 68 | Nero commits suicide, resurrects as "Nero redivivus", Rev's 666? (see 81) |
| 68 | Galba emperor of Rome (6/68-1/69) |
| 68 | Qumran (Essenes?) community destroyed by Rome, site of Dead Sea Scrolls |
| | found in 1949 |
| 69 | Otho emperor of Rome (1/69-4/69) |
| 69 | Vitellius emperor of Rome (6/69-12/69) |
| 69 | Flavian Dynasty of Rome (Vespian, Titus, Domitian) |
| 69-79 | Vespian emperor of Rome, quells unrest in Rome and Jerusalem |
| 70 | Collapse of Jewish self-government in Judea and destruction of the Temple in |
| | Jerusalem |
| 70 | Gospel according to Mark written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter? (1 Peter |
| | 5,13), original ending apparently lost, endings added c 400 |
| 70? | "Signs Gospel" written, hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to |
| | prove Jesus is the Messiah |
| 70-640 | Sanhedrin (High Court) period of Judaism, rise of house of Hillel |
| 75-90 | Gospel according to Luke written, based on Mark and Q |
| 75-90 | Acts of the Apostles written, same author as Gospel according to Luke |
| 79-81 | Titus emperor of Rome, eldest son of Vespasian |
| 79-91 | Pope Anacletus, 3rd Pope, known as "blameless" (as in Titus 1,7?) |
| 79 | Mt Vesuvius, volcano overlooking Naples Bay, erupts, engulfs Pompeii |
| 80-85 | Gospel according to Matthew written, based on Mark and Q, most popular in |
| | early Church |
| 81-96 | Domitian emperor of Rome, son of Vespasian, "Nero redivivus?" (see 68) |
| 81-96 | Revelations written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his |
| 90-100 | 1 John written, by author(s) of 4th gospel, "catholic" epistle |
| 90-100 | 2,3 John written, by "elder", disciple of John (son of Zebedee)?, "catholic" |
| | epistle |
| 90-100 | Gospel according to John written, by John (son of Zebedee) and others, only |
| | eyewitness to Jesus?, disciple Jesus loved?, Gnostic? |
| 90? | Josephus claims exactly 22 Jewish (OT) books: 5 Law, 13 History, 4 Hymns |
| 91-101 | Pope Clement I, 4th Pope, (mentioned in Phil 4,3), wrote letter to Corinth in |
| | 95 called "1 Clement" |
| 94 | "Jewish Antiquities", by Josephus in Aramaic, trans. to Grk., Testimonium |
| | Flavianum: {At this time there appeared Jesus, a wise man. For he was a |
| | doer of startling deeds, a teacher of people who receive the truth with |
| | pleasure. And he gained a following both among many Jews and among many |
| | of Greek origin. And when Pilate, because of an accusation made by the |
| | leading men among us, condemned him to the cross, those who had loved him |
| | previously did not cease to do so. And up until this very day the tribe of |
| | Christians (named after him) has not died out.} [JA18.3.3 Meier redaction, |
| | Marginal Jew, p.61] |
| 96? | Hebrews written, by ? |
| 96-98 | Nerva emperor of Rome |
| 98-116 | Trajan emperor of Rome, Roman empire reaches maximum size |
| 100? | Odes of Solomon, written in Greek or Syriac, ref by John? (Apocrypha) |
| 100? | Epistle of Barnabas, Christian exegesis of LXX (AF = Apostolic Fathers) |
| 100? | 2 Clement, an old sermon but not by Clement (AF = Apostolic Fathers) |
| 100? | 2 Esdras (Vg:4 Esdras), Hebrew?, claims 24 OT books (Vulgate & Peshitta) |
| 100? | Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch:Syriac, 3 Baruch:Greek) (Peshitta) |
| 100? | Paralipomena of Jeremiah (4 Baruch), written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible) |
| 100? | Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Aramaic and Hebrew fragments found |
| | at Qumran Caves 1,4 (Armenian Bible) |
| 100? | Jude written, probably by doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6,3), rejected by |
| | some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal Book of Enoch |
| | (v14), "catholic" epistle |
| 100-125? | 2 Peter written, by ?, not accepted into canon until early 400s, drew upon |
| | Epistle of Jude, "catholic" epistle |
| 100-150 | Secret Book (Apocryphon) of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Infancy |
| | Gospels of Thomas and James, Secret Gospel (of Mark) (Complete Gospels) |
| 101-109 | Pope Evaristus, 5th Pope |
| 109-116 | Pope Alexander, 6th Pope |
| 110? | Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians, written by Polycarp (160) (AF) |
| 110? | "Letters of Ignatius", bishop of Antioch, martyred in Rome, his letters were |
| | subjected to heavy Christian forgery esp. 4th cent. (Apostolic Fathers) |
| 116-125 | Pope Sixtus I, 7th Pope |
| 117-138 | Hadrian emperor of Rome, builds wall across Britain |
| 125-350 | Period of Christianity during which the first Bible was assembled - Christians |
| | are fiercely persecuted and then finally tolerated by the Roman Empire, Great |
| | Plague in Rome |
| 125-136 | Pope Telesphorus, 8th Pope, martyred |
| 125? | Papyrus 52: oldest extant NT fragment, p.1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38 |
| 125? | Shepherd of Hermas, written in Rome (AF = Apostolic Fathers) |
| 130-200 | "Christian Apologists" writings against Roman Paganism by: Justin Martyr |
| | (165), Athenagoras (180?), Aristides (145?), Theophilus of Antioch (185?), |
| | Tatian (170), Quadratus (130?), Melito of Sardis (180?), Apollinaris of |
| | Hierapolis (180?), also Epistle to Diognetus in Apostolic Fathers |
| 130? | "Gospel of Basilides", a 24 book commentary?, lost |
| 130? | Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, wrote: "Expositions of the Sayings |
| | of the Lord", lost, widely quoted, see Eusebius (340) (AF) |
| 130? | Aquila of Pontus, Roman convert to Christianity then to Judaism, student of |
| | Rabban Gamaliel, compiled literal Greek OT translation in Jabneh (Jamnia) |
| 132-135 | Bar Kokhba Revolt: final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from |
| | maps, all of southern Syria renamed Palestine (coined by Herodotus) |
| 138-161 | Antoninus Pius emperor of Rome |
| 138-142 | Pope Hyginus, 9th Pope |
| 140 | Letters of Marcion, produces his own canon without OT and using only a |
| | heavily edited Luke + 10 Pauline Epistles, cites "Western" Gospel text-type |
| 140? | Apocalypse of Peter, written in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2] |
| 142-155 | Pope Pius I, 10th Pope |
| 150? | Gospel of the Egyptians, Coptic translation of orig. Greek (Nag Hammadi) |
| 150? | "Western Revisor" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce "Western" |
| | version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 and Codex |
| | Bezae (D) |
| 150? | Papyrus Chester Beatty 6: R963, Greek Num 5:12-36:13, Deut 1:20-34:12 |
| 155-166 | Pope Anicetus, 11th Pope |
| 160? | Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, martyred at age 86: "Let. to Philip." (110) |
| 160? | Martyrdom of Polycarp, in Greek (Apostolic Fathers, ISBN:0-8010-5676-4) |
| 161-180 | Marcus Aurelius emperor of Rome |
| 164-180 | Great Plague in Roman Empire |
| 166-174 | Pope Soter, 12th Pope, moved Easter from Nisan 14 to following Sunday |
| 170 | Letters of Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, cites "Western" Gospel text-type |
| 170 | Christian council on Montanist sect in Asia Minor |
| 170 | Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, claims Christians were changing and |
| | faking his own letters just as [he knew] they had changed the Gospels |
| 170 | Tatian produces "Diatessaron" (Harmony) by blending 4 "Western" text-type |
| | Gospels into 1 |
| 170? | Symmachus, an Ebionite, writes an entirely new Greek OT translation |
| 174-189 | Pope Eleutherius, 13th Pope |
| 175? | Acts of Paul (inc. 3 Cor.), in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2] |
| 180-192 | Commodus emperor of Rome |
| 185-350 | Canon Muratorian, 1st extant for NT?, written in Rome by Hippolytus?, |
| | excludes Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 3 John; includes Wisdom of Solomon, |
| | Apocalypse of Peter |
| 189-198 | Pope Victor I, 1st Latin Pope, 14th Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches |
| | that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 "Quartodeciman", (see 166, |
| 190) | |
| 190 | Christian council to determine "official" date of Easter |
| 193-211 | Septimius Severus emperor of Rome |
| 197 | Writings of Apollonius, uses the term "catholic" in reference to 1 John |
| 198-217 | Pope Zephyrinus, 15th Pope |
| 200 | Bishop of Antioch notes Gospel of Peter (see 65?) being used in Cilicia |
| 200? | Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types: |
| | Jn 1:1-6:11,35-7:52;8:12-14:26,29-30;15:2-26;16:2-4,6-7,10- |
| | 20:20,22-23,25-21:9 |
| 200? | Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14-15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus; |
| | Lk3:18-22,33-4:2,34-5:10,37-6:4,10-7:32,35-39,41-43,46-9:2,4- |
| | 17:15,19-18:18; 22:4-24:53; Jn1:1-7:52;8:12-11:45,48-57;12:3- |
| | 13:1,8-9;14:8-30;15:7-8 |
| 200? | Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, "Alexandrian" text-type: Rm5:17-6:3,5- |
| | 14;8:15-25,27-35,37-9:32;10:1-11:22,24-33,35-15:9,11-16:27;Hb1:1- |
| | 9:16,18-10:20,22-30,32-13:25;1Cr1:1-9:2,4-14:14,16-15:15,17- |
| | 16:22;2Cr1:1-11:10,12-21,23-13:13;Ep1:1-2:7,10-5:6,8-6:6,8,20- |
| | 24;Gl1:1-8,10-2:9,12-21;3:2-29;4:2-18,20-5:17,20-6:8,10- |
| | 18;Ph1:1,5-15,17-28,30-2:12,14-27,29-3:8,10-21;4:2-12,14- |
| | 23;Cl1:1-2,5-13,16-24,27-2:19,23-3:11,13-24;4:3-12,16- |
| | 18;1Th1:1,9-2:3;5:5-9,23-28 |
| 200? | Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8 |
| 200? | Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15;5:20-22,25-28;26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31- |
| | 33 |
| 200? | Old Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, Syr(s) & Syr(c), of "Western" text-type |
| 200? | Latin Bible translations begun in Carthage?, originals no longer extant |
| 200? | Sahidic Coptic cop(sa) Bible translations written in Alexendria |
| 212-217 | Geta then Caracalla emperors of Rome |
| 217-236 | Anti-Pope Hippolytus, bishop of Rome, "Logos" sect, 1st Anti-Pope |
| | (illegitimate claimants of or pretenders to the papal throne) |
| 217-222 | Pope Callistus I, 16th Pope |
| 218-222 | Heliogabalus emperor of Rome |
| 220 | Goths invade Asia Minor and Balkans |
| 220? | Clement of Alexandria, b.150?, bishop, cites "Alexandrian" NT text-type & |
| | Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians; wrote: "Exhortations to the |
| | Greeks";"Rich Man's Salutation";"To the Newly Baptized"; (Loeb Classics) |
| 222-230 | Pope Urban I, 17th Pope |
| 222-235 | Alexandar Severus emperor of Rome |
| 223? | Tertullian, wr: "de Spectaculis" (Latin): v30.6 cites rumor Jesus son of |
| | prostitute, coined "New Testament", cites "Western" Gospel text-type (Loeb) |
| 225? | Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty, Gospels (Caesarean), Acts (Alexandrian): |
| | Mt20:24-32;21:13-19;25:41-26:39; Mk4:36-40;5:15-26,38-6:3,16- |
| | 25,36-50;7:3-15 ,25-8:1,10-26,34-9:9,18-31;11:27-12:1,5-8,13- |
| | 19,24-28; Lk6:31-41,45-7:7;9:26 -41,45-10:1,6-22,26-11:1,6-25,28- |
| | 46,50-12:12,18-37,42-13:1,6-24,29-14:10,17-33; Jn10:7-25,30- |
| | 11:10,18-36,42-57; Ac4:27-36;5:10-21,30-39;6:7-7:2,10-21,32- |
| | 41,52-8:1,14-25,34-9:6,16-27,35-10:2,10-23,31-41;11:2-14,24- |
| | 12:5,13-22;13:6-16,25-36,46-14:3,15-23;15:2-7,19-27,38-16:4,15- |
| | 21,32-40;17:9-17 |
| 225? | Papyrus 967: Chester Beatty 9, Greek Ezekiel 11:25-end, ~Codex Vaticanus |
| 230-236 | Pope Pontian, 18th Pope |
| 230-250 | Christian council of Rome, Demetrius bishop of Alex. condemns Origen who in |
| | 248 cited a rumor recorded by Celsus that "Jesus fabricated the account of |
| | his birth from a virgin. In reality, Jesus' mother was driven out by the |
| | carpenter husband to whom she was betrothed because she had committed |
| | adultery with a [Roman] soldier named Panthera [thus the ben Pantere of |
| | Jewish sources]. Left poor and homeless, she gave birth to Jesus in secret. |
| | Jesus later spent time in Egypt, where he hired himself out as a laborer, |
| | learned magic, and so came to claim the title of God." [CC1.28-32, Marginal |
| | Jew, Meier, p. 223] |
| 236-238 | Maximus emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting Pope |
| | Pontian and anti-Pope Hippolytus to Sardinia where they soon die |
| 236-237 | Pope Anterus, 19th Pope |
| 237-250 | Pope Fabian, 20th Pope |
| 238-244 | Gordian I, II, Balbinus, Pupienus, Gordian III emperors of Rome |
| 240-250 | Christian council of Carthage |
| 244-249 | Philip the Arabian emperor of Rome |
| 249-251 | Decius emperor of Rome |
| 249 | Rome celebrates 1000th anniversary |
| 250 | Rome steps up persecution of Christians, martyrs revered as saints |
| 250 | Letters of Methodius, Pistis Sophia, Porphyry Tyrius; church fathers |
| 250? | Mandeans (followers of John the Baptist) begin compilation of "Ginza" |
| 250? | Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity of |
| | Mary; 3Cor; Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover; |
| | Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18; |
| 250? | Papyrus Chester Beatty: #5:R962: Gn8:13-9:2,24:13-46:33,Enoch91-105; |
| | #7: I8:18-19:13,38:14-45:5,54:1=60:22; #8: Jr4:30-5:24; #10: Dn1- |
| | 12:13(+Add),Bel4-39,Sus5-end,Esther1:1a-8:6(+Add) |
| 251-253 | Gallus emperor of Rome |
| 251-253 | Pope Cornelius, 21st Pope |
| 251-258 | Anti-Pope Novatian, decreed no forgiveness for sins after baptism |
| 253-260 | Valerian emperor of Rome, executes all Bishops, Priests, and Deacons |
| 253-254 | Pope Lucius I, 22nd Pope |
| 254 | Letters of Origen, Jesus and God one substance, adopted at Council of Nicaea |
| | in 325, compiled "Hexapla": 6 versions of LXX side by side: Hebrew, Hebrew |
| | transliterated in Greek, Aquila's Greek trans., Symmachus' Greek trans., |
| | Origen's revised LXX Greek trans., Theodotion's revised LXX; also |
| | Quinta/Sexta/Septima trans., Tetragrammaton in square Hebrew script; |
| | cites "Alexandrian" & "Caesarean" NT text-types; Eusebius claimed Origen |
| | castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12 [EH6.8.1-3] |
| 254-257 | Pope Steven I, 23rd Pope, major schism over rebaptizing heretics and |
| | apostates |
| 257-258 | Pope Sixtus II, 24th Pope, martyred |
| 257 | Visigoths and Ostrogoths invade Black Sea area, Franks invade Spain |
| 258 | Letters of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, cites "Western" NT text-type, claims |
| | Christians are freely forging his letters to discredit him |
| 260-268 | Gallienus emperor of Rome, reverses Valerian, restores Roman Church |
| 260-268 | Pope Dionysius, 25th Pope, rebuilds Roman Church after Valerian's massacre |
| 264-268 | Christian council on Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, founder of |
| | Adoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his baptism) |
| 264? | Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, b.190? |
| 268 | Goths sack Athens, Sparta, Corinth |
| 268-270 | Claudius II emperor of Rome |
| 269-274 | Pope Felix I, 26th Pope |
| 270-275 | Aurelian emperor of Rome |
| 275-283 | Pope Eutychian, 27th Pope, decreed that only beans and grapes be blessed at |
| | Mass |
| 275? | Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rv9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17- |
| | 17:2 |
| 276-282 | Marcus Aurelius Probus emperor of Rome |
| 276 | Mani, b.215, crucified, founder of Manichaean Christian sect in Persia |
| 283-296 | Pope Gaius, 28th Pope |
| 284-305 | Diocletian emperor of Rome, notorius persecuter of Christians |
| 285 | Roman empire partitioned into Western and Eastern empires |
| 290-345 | St Pachomius establishes 1st monastery in Egypt |
| 296-304 | Pope Marcellinus, 29th Pope, apostate, offered pagan sacrifices for |
| | Diocletian |
| 300? | Bohairic Coptic cop(bo) Bible translations written in Alexandria |
| 300? | Hesychius of Alex., martyr, translates Hebrew OT to Greek, lost [Jerome] |
| 300? | Papyrus Berlin Codex of Greek Genesis; Papyrus Bodmer 24 of Greek Psalms; |
| | Codex Freer of Greek Minor Prophets; all published in 1927 |
| 300? | other 3rd century NT witnesses: P1:Mt1:1-9,12,14-20 P4:Lk1:58-59,62- |
| | 2:1, 6-7;3:8-4:2,29-32,34-35;5:3-8,30-6:16 P5:Jn1:23-31,33- |
| | 40;16:14-30;20:11-17, 19-20,22-25 P9:1Jn4:11-12,14-17 P12:Hb1:1 |
| | P15:1Cr7:18-8:4 P20:Jm2:19-3:9 P22:Jn15:25-16:2,21-32 |
| | P23:Jm1:10-12,15-18 P27:Rm8:12-22,24-27,33-9:3,5-9 P28:Jn6:8- |
| | 12,17-22 P29:Ac26:7-8,20 P30:1Th4:12-13,16-17;5:3,8-10,12-18,25- |
| | 28;2Th1:1-2 P38:Ac18:27-19:6,12-16 P39:Jn8:14-22 P40:Rm1:24- |
| | 27,31-2:3;3:21-4:8;6:4-5:16;9:16-17:27 P48:Ac23:11-17,23-29 |
| | P49:Ep4:16-29,31-5:13 P53:Mt26:29-40;Ac9:33-10:1 P65:1Th1:3- |
| | 2:1,6-13 P69:Lk22:41,45-48,58-61 P70:Mt2:13-16,22-3:1;11:26- |
| | 27;12:4-5;24:3-6,12-15 P80:Jn3:34 P87:Pm13-15,24-25 |
| | #0171:Mt10:17-23,25-32;Lk22:44-56,61-64 #0189:Ac5:3-21 |
| | #0220:Rm4:23-5:3,8-13 #0212(Diatessaron):Mt27:56-57;Mk15:40- |
| | 42;Lk23:49-51,54;Jn19:38 |
| 303-311 | Last persecution of Christians in Rome |
| 304 | Letters of Victor, bishop of Pettau |
| 306-337 | Emperor Constantine the Great, convert to Christianity |
| 306-312 | Maxentius emperor of Western Roman Empire |
| 306-308 | Pope Marcellus I, 30th Pope, tried removing prior Pope Marcellinus from |
| | official records for apostasy, exiled from Rome by Maxentius for disturbing |
| | the peace |
| 310 | Pope Eusebius, 31st Pope, deported to Sicily with anti-Pope Heraclius by |
| | Maxentius |
| 311-314 | Pope Miltiades, 32nd Pope, Constantine gives Fausta's palace as papal |
| | residence |
| 312 | Lucian, founded Exegetical School of Antioch, martyred |
| 312 | Constantine defeats Maxentius at Milvian Bridge, reunites Roman Empire |
| 313 | Edict of Milan, Constantine establishes toleration of Christianity |
| 313 | Miltiades excommunicates Donatus for requiring rebaptism of apostates |
| 314-335 | Pope Silvester I, 33rd Pope |
| 314 | Council of Arles, called by Constantine against Donatist (Donatus) schism |
| 317 | Letters of Lactantius, early Christian church father |
| 321 | Constantine decrees Sunday as offical Roman-Christian day of rest |
| 325 | Council of Nicaea, called by Constantine against Arianism (336), called 1st |
| | great Christian council by Jerome, 1st ecumenical, 318 bishops attend, |
| | Nicaean Creed |
| 325? | Fayyumic Coptic cop(mf) translation fragment of John 6:11-15:11 |
| 330 | Old Saint Peter's Basilica dedicated by Constantine, located over the |
| | traditional burial site of Saint Peter the Apostle in Rome on Vatican Hill |
| 331 | Seat of Roman Empire moved to Constantinople (formally Byzantium) |
| 336-337 | Pope Mark, 34th Pope |
| 336 | Arius, Greek theologian - Arianism (Jesus was a created being) |
| 337-350 | Roman empire splits again, Constans emperor of West until 350 |
| 337-361 | Roman empire splits again, Constantius emperor of East until 361 |
| 337-352 | Pope Julius I, 35th Pope |
| 338 | Jewish calendar modified with different year lengths to correct to Solar |
| 340? | Eusebius of Caesarea (260-340), theologian & church historian, cites |
| | "Caesarean" NT text-type, wrote: "Ecclesiastical History" (EH); Loeb |
| | Classics: 2 volumes {Papias, bishop of Hierapolis (130?), claims that John |
| | the Elder, a disciple of Jesus, told him that Mark "was the interpreter of |
| | Peter and wrote down carefully what he remembered of what had been said |
| | or done by the Lord, but not in the right order." Also claims that "Matthew |
| | composed the sayings in Hebrew [more likely Aramaic] and each one |
| | translated them as he could."} [Ref: EH3.39.15, Unauthorized Version, Fox, |
| | p.126-127] Eusebius' NT Canon: Recognized Books: 4 Holy Gospels, Acts, 14 |
| | Pauline Epistles, 1Jn, 1Pt; Disputed Books: Rev, James, Jude, 2Pt, 2-3Jn, |
| | Acts of Paul, Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Barnabas, Didache, Gospel of the |
| | Hebrews; Rejected Books: Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias, Acts of |
| | Andrew, John ... [EH3.25], used the term "catholic" to refer to all seven |
| | epistles - James; 1,2,3 John; 1,2 Peter; Jude |
| 350-400 | Period of time between the 1st Christian Bible and the 1st Western Christian |
| | Bible, during which the books contained in Bibles varied |
| | |
| 350 | Letters of Adamantius, Firmicus Maternus; early Christian church fathers |
| 350? | Codex Sinaiticus (S or ): earliest Christian Bible, (LXX - 2- |
| | 3Maccabees - Psalms of Solomon - Ps151 + 27NT + Barnabas + Hermas), |
| | missing Hermas31.7-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text- |
| | type |
| 350? | Codex Vaticanus (B): earliest Christian Bible (LXX - 1-4Maccabees - Psalms |
| | of Solomon - Ps151 + 27NT), missing Gn1-46:28, Ps105:27-137:6, 1Tm- |
| | Phm, Heb9:14-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type |
| 350? | Papyrus Antinoopolis of Book of Proverbs in Greek, published in 1950 |
| 350? | Papyrus Chester Beatty: #4:R961: Greek Gn9:1-44:22; #11: Greek |
| | Sir36:28- 37:22,46:6-47:2; #12: Greek Enoch93:12-13,94:7-8,97:6- |
| | 104:13,106:1-107:3 |
| 350? | Papyrus Bodmer 45-46: Greek Susanna, Daniel 1:1-20 (Theodotion's LXX) |
| 350? | Canon Cheltenham: 24NT books (excludes James, Jude, Hebrews) |
| 350? | Akhmimic cop(ac) & Sub-Akhmimic cop(ac2) Coptic translations of John |
| 350? | Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths (Germans), translates Greek NT to Gothic |
| 352-366 | Pope Liberius, 36th Pope |
| 354-430 | St. Augustine, Latin Bishop considered the founder of formalized Christian |
| | theology, church father |
| 355-365 | Anti-Pope Felix II, Arianism (336), supported by Constantius II |
| 360 | Huns invade Europe, scrolls begin to be replaced by books (Codex) |
| 361-363 | Julian the Apostate emperor of East, attempts to revive Paganism |
| 363 | Council of Laodicea names 26 NT books (excludes Revelations) |
| 363 | Letters of Marius Victorinus, Acacius of Caesarea; early church fathers |
| 364 | Council of Laodicea decrees death for Christians who keep 7th day Sabbath |
| 366-384 | Pope Damasus I, 37th Pope, hired thugs to massacre rival Ursinians |
| | (Liberians) |
| 366-367 | Anti-Pope Ursinus, leader of supporters of former Pope Liberius |
| 367 | Athanasias, bishop of Alexandria, first citing of modern 27 NT canon |
| 367 | Letters of Hilary of Poitiers, Lucifer of Calaris; early church fathers |
| 367 | Athanasius, d.373, bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27NT canon |
| 370 | Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, Cyprus; cites 27NT + Wisdom of Solomon |
| 370 | Doctrine of Addai at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron |
| | (instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. 3 Corinthians) |
| 373 | Letters of Ephraem Syrus, cites "Western" Acts text-type |
| 378 | Letters of Titus of Bostra, Ambrosiaster, Priscillian; church fathers |
| 379-395 | Theodosius the Great, last emperor of the united empire |
| 380 | Feb 27, Christianity declared official state religion by Theodosius |
| 381 | Council of Theodosius at Constantinople, 2nd ecumenical, Jesus had true |
| | human soul |
| 382-384 | Pope Damasus I has Jerome revise and unify Latin Bibles |
| 383 | Roman legions begin to evacuate Britain |
| 384 | Jerome presents Pope Damasus I with new Latin Gospels, originals lost |
| 384-399 | Pope Siricius, 38th Pope, criticized Jerome |
| 390 | Apollinaris of Laodicea, Jesus had human body but divine spirit |
| 390 | Letters of Tyconius, Gregory of Nyssa, Didymus of Alex.; church fathers |
| 391? | Ammianus Marcellinus, b.330, Christian historian, wrote: "Res gestae" |
| 393,397 | Augustine's Councils, cites exactly 27 NT books (see 354) |
| 395 | Theodosius prohibits practice of Pagan rituals including Olympic Games |
| 395 | Ausonius, b.310?, Christian governor of Gaul; Loeb Classics 2v (Latin) |
| 396 | Alaric, king of the Visigoths, plunders Athens |
| 397 | Ambrose, b.333?, bishop & governor of Milan, wrote: "de Fide" ... |
| 399-401 | Pope Anastasius I, 39th Pope |
| 400-484 | Era between 1st Western Christian Bible and the Great Schism - Christian |
| | doctrine is formed, Roman empire ends |
| 400? | Vulgate Bible, by Jerome?, (340?-420) originals lost, Vulgate Latin text |
| | becomes standard Western Christian Bible |
| 400? | Jerome cites "expanded" ending in Mark after Mark 16,14 |
| 400? | Jerome adds Pericope of the Adultress (John 7,53-8,11) |
| 400? | Codex Vercellensis it(a): Latin Gospels, of "European" text-type |
| 400? | Peshitta Bible, Syriac (Aramaic) Vulgate, Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes: |
| | 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; Peshitta becomes standard Syrian Christian Bible |
| 400? | Codex Bobiensis it(k): ~half of Mt/Mk in Latin, "African" (Carthage) text- |
| | type, has "shorter" ending of Mark after Mk16:8 |
| 401-417 | Pope Innocent I, 40th Pope, decreed Roman custom the norm for Christianity |
| 401 | Visigoths invade Italy |
| 403 | Letters of Epiphanius of Constantia, John Chrysostom; church fathers |
| 410 | Visigoths sack Rome under king Alaric |
| 414 | Letters of Nicetas of Remesiana, Orosius; early Christian church fathers |
| 415 | Bishop Cyril of Alex. (444) expels Jews, kills Hypatia with oyster shells |
| 416 | Visigoths take Spain |
| 417-418 | Pope Zosimus, 41st Pope |
| 418-422 | Pope Boniface I, 42nd Pope |
| 418-419 | Anti-Pope Eulalius |
| 418 | Franks take Gaul |
| 420 | St. Jerome, (S.E. Hieronymus), b.340?, Latin scholar; (Loeb Classics) |
| 422-432 | Pope Celestine I, 43rd Pope |
| 423 | Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, notes Tatian's Harmony (170) in heavy use |
| 431 | Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical, decreed Mary the Mother of God |
| 429 | Picts and Scots expelled from southern England by Anglo-Saxon-Jutes |
| 430 | St. Augustine, b.354, origin of "Original Sin," church father & philosopher, |
| | wrote: "The City of God", "Confessions"; Loeb Classics 10 v. (Latin) |
| 430 | Letters of Marcus Eremita, Nilus of Ancyra; Christian church fathers |
| 431 | Syrian Christianity splits into East (Nestorian-disagreed with Council of |
| | Ephesus) and West (Jacobites) |
| 432 | St Patrick begins mission in Ireland |
| 432-440 | Pope Sixtus III, 44th Pope |
| 433-453 | Attila the Hun, "Scourge of the Gods" |
| 440-461 | Pope Leo I, 45th Pope |
| 444 | Letters of Cyril of Alexandria, Arnobius the Younger; church fathers |
| 450 | Mark's Resurrection of Jesus added to Bible (Mark 16, 9-20) |
| 450? | Codex Alexandrinus (A): (LXX - 1-2Maccabees + 14_Church_Odes + 27NT + |
| | 1-2Clement), missing 1K12:17-14:9, Ps49:20-79:11, Psalms of Solomon, |
| | Mt1-25:6, Jn6:50-8:52, 2Cr4:13-12:6, 1Clement57.7-63.4, |
| | 2Clement12.5b-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type |
| 450? | Codex Bezae (D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus (W): |
| | Greek Gospels; both of "Western" text-type: "fondness for paraphrase" |
| 450? | Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus (C): Greek LXX + 27NT, many gaps |
| 450? | Codex Marchalianus (Q): Greek LXX + Luke + John, many gaps |
| 450? | Codex Ambrosianus (F): Greek Genesis to Joshua |
| 450? | Codex Freer: Greek Deuteronomy and Joshua |
| 450? | Codex Colberto-Sarravianus: Origen's Greek Hexapla LXX of Gen-Judg |
| 450? | Codex Palatinus it(e): Latin Gospels, "African" (Carthage) text-type |
| 450? | Codex Veronensis it(b): Latin Gospels, "European/Vulgate" text-type |
| 450? | Syr(pal), Palestinian Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, of "Caesarean" text-type |
| 450? | std. Aramaic Targums, T. Onkelos of Torah, T. Jonathan of Prophets |
| 451 | Council of Chalcedon, 4th ecumenical, declared Jesus is 2 natures, both |
| | human and divine in one, a compromise solution of Jesus god/man schisms |
| 451 | Nestorius of Constantinople, Nestorians: Mary was *not* "Mother of God" |
| 451 | Letters of Hesychius, Quodvultdeus; early Christian church fathers |
| 454 | Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysites: Jesus was divine but not human |
| 455 | Vandals sack Rome |
| 457-474 | Pope Leo I, 46th Pope, becomes emperor of remaining (eastern) Roman |
| | empire |
| 461-468 | Pope Hilarus, 47th Pope |
| 463 | Letters of Prosper of Aquitaine, early Christian church father |
| 466 | Letters of Shenute of Atripe, Theodoret of Cyrrhus; early church fathers |
| 468-483 | Pope Simplicius, 48th Pope |
| 474-491 | Zeno, eastern Roman emperor |
| 476 | Official end of western Roman empire, last emperor Romulus Augustulus |
| 480-547 | St. Benedict, founded the Benedictines |
| 483-492 | Pope Felix III (II), 49th Pope |
| 484-640 | Period between Great Schism and the destruction of the Library of Alexendria |
| | - After the end of the Roman Empire, the Catholic Church sees a period of |
| | turmoil and division, Europe's population "halved" by plague, great |
| | earthquakes occur |
| 484-519 | Acacian schism, over "Henoticon" divides Eastern (Greek) and Western |
| | (Roman) churches. Photinus, deacon of Thessalonica, was of the Greek |
| | church and held to the Acacian heresy, which denied the divine paternity of |
| | Christ. Photinus persuaded emperor Anastasius I to accept the Acacian |
| | heresy. |
| 484 | Letters of Vigilius of Thapsus, early Christian church father |
| 489 | Zeno destroys Nestorian (451) school at Edessa, erects Church of St Simeon |
| 491 | Armenian Church seceds from East (Byzantium) and West (Rome) churches |
| 491-518 | Anastasius I eastern Roman emperor |
| 492-496 | Pope Gelasius I, 50th Pope, "Vicar of Christ" is first used as another title |
| 496-498 | Pope Anastasius II |
| 498 | Nestorians (451) settle in Nisibis, Persia |
| 498-514 | Pope Symmachus |
| 514-523 | Pope Hormisdas |
| 523-526 | Pope John I, martyr |
| 498-506 | Anti-Pope Lawrence, Lawrencian schism |
| 500 | Incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican |
| 500? | Codex Sangallensis vg: earliest extant Latin Vulgate, Gospels |
| 500? | Codex Argenteus (got): earliest nearly complete Gothic (German), Gospels |
| 500? | Codex Cottonianus: Greek Genesis |
| 502 | Narsai of Mealletha, Syrian poet, heads Nestorian school in Nisibis(498) |
| 518-527 | Justin I: emperor of Byzantine (former eastern Roman) empire |
| 524 | Boethius, b.480?, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote: "Theological |
| | Tractates", "Consolation of Philosophy"; (Loeb Classics) (Latin) |
| 525 | Dionysius Exiguus sets Christian calendar (a.d.) & Jesus' birth @ 23 Dec 1AD |
| 526 | Earthquake in Antioch kills 250,000 |
| 526-530 | Pope Felix IV (III) |
| 527-565 | Justinian the Great, Byzantine emperor |
| 527 | Letters of Fulgentius, early Christian church father |
| 529 | Justinian closes 1000yr Athen's School of Philosophy, declared Paganistic |
| 530-532 | Pope Boniface II |
| 530 | Anti-Pope Dioscorus |
| 532-535 | Pope John II |
| 533 | N. Africa captured by Belisarius from Vandals, becomes Byzantine province |
| 534-870 | Malta becomes Byzantine province |
| 535-536 | Pope Agapitus I |
| 536-537 | Pope Silverius, martyr |
| 537-555 | Pope Vigilius, involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with Justinian |
| | and Theodora, excommunicated by N. African bishops in 550 |
| 539-562 | War between Byzantine empire and Persia |
| 542 | Plague in Constantinople from Egyptian and Syrian rats, spreads to Europe |
| 543 | Justinian condemns Origen (254), disastrous earthquakes hit the world |
| 541-546 | Codex Fuldensis vg(F): Latin Vulgate, 27NT + Epistle to Laodiceans |
| 544 | Justinian condemns the "3 Chapters" of Theodore of Mopsuestia (d.428) and |
| | other writings of "2-natures" Christology of Council of Chalcedon (451) |
| 547 | Pope Vigilius issues "Iudicatum" supporting Justinian's anti-"2-natures" |
| 547 | Plague reaches Britain |
| 548 | Letters of Apringius Pacensis, early Christian church father |
| 550-1453 | Medieval Greek of Constantinople (Byzantium) becomes standard Greek |
| 550 | Byzantine Greek Text, standard Eastern Bible, much smoothing & conflation |
| 550 | St. David converts Wales to Christianity, crucifix becomes Christian icon |
| 550? | Codex Claromontanus (Dp): Greek/Latin Pauline Epistles + Canon of ~250AD |
| | lists 27NT+Barnabas+Hermas+Acts_of_Paul+Apocalypse_of_Peter; |
| | "Western" type |
| 550? | Codex Mediolanensis vg(M): Latin Vulgate Gospels |
| 550? | Codex Veronensis: Greek & Old Latin Psalms |
| 555 | 2nd Council of Constantinople, 5th ecumenical, called by Justinian |
| 556-561 | Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, endorsed "Iudicatum" (547) |
| 561-574 | Pope John III, authorized by Justinian |
| 565-578 | Justin II, Byzantine emperor |
| 567 | Letters of Primasius, Cassiodorus; early Christian church fathers |
| 572-628 | War between Byzantine empire and Persia |
| 575-579 | Pope Benedict I, authorized by Justin II, |
| 578-582 | Tiberius II, Byzantine emperor |
| 579-590 | Pope Pelagius II, died of plague |
| 582-602 | Maurice, Byzantine emperor |
| 587 | Visigoths of Spain converted to Christianity |
| 589 | Lombards of Italy converted to Christianity |
| 590 | Plague in Rome |
| 590-604 | Pope Gregory I, commanded that a way be found to collect and preserve the |
| | singing of the Benedictine monks of Santo Domingo de Silos (now known as |
| | Gregorian Chant) |
| 594 | End of plague which began in 542 and "halved" the population of Europe! |
| 596 | St. Augustine of Canterbury sent to convert Britain to Christianity |
| 600? | Codex Harleianus vg(Z): Latin Vulgate Gospels |
| 600? | Codex Philoxenian/Harclean Syr(ph/h): Syriac 27NT, "Western" text-type |
| 602-610 | Phocas, Byzantine emperor after killing Maurice |
| 604-606 | Pope Sabinian, authorized by Phocas |
| 606-607 | Pope Boniface III, authorized by Phocas |
| 607-615 | Pope Boniface IV, authorized by Phocas |
| 609 | Roman Pantheon (a Pagan Temple) renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda |
| 610-641 | Heraclius, Byzantine emperor after killing Phocas |
| 611 | Mohammed's reported vision of Allahon Mount Hira |
| 614 | Persians take Damascas and Jerusalem and "Holy Cross of Christ" |
| 615 | earliest records of some of Mohammed's teachings |
| 615-618 | Pope Deusdedit |
| 619-625 | Pope Boniface V, authorized by Heraclius |
| 622-680 | Monothelite controversy: condemned at 6th Ecum. Council of Constantinople |
| 622 | first year in Muslim calendar, The Hegira, 1a.h., (a.h. = anno hegirae) |
| 624 | Mohammed marries Aisha, daughter of Abu Bekr |
| 625 | Paulinus of Rome comes to convert Northumbria to Christianity |
| 625-638 | Pope Honorius I |
| 625 | Mohammed begins dictation of Qur'an (Koran) to his scribe |
| 626 | King Edwin of Northumbria founds Edinburgh and begins Christianization |
| 627 | Byzantines defeat Persians at Nineveh |
| 628 | Emperor Heraclius wins back "Cross of Christ" from Persians |
| 628 | Mohammed captures Mecca & writes to rulers of the world explaining Islam |
| 629 | Heraclius recovers Jerusalem from Persians |
| 629 | Pope Honorius I sides with Emperor Heraclius and Monothelites (622) |
| 632 | Mohammed, b. 570?, Arab prophet and founder of Islam |
| 632 | East Anglia Christianized |
| 632 | Abu Bekr, first Islamic Caliph, seat at Medina |
| 634 | Omar I, 2d Caliph, takes Syria/Persia/Egypt;defeats Heraclius in Holy War |
| 635 | Christianization of Wessex |
| 635-750 | Damascus becomes capital of Islamic Caliphs |
| 636 | Southern Irish Church submits to Roman Catholicism |
| 637 | Jerusalem captured by Islam |
| 638 | Emp. Heraclius' "Ecthesis", decrees Christ of one nature: "Monothelites" |
| 640 | Pope Severinus |
| 640 | Library of Alexandria, "The Center of Western Culture," with 300,000 |
| | ancient papyrus scrolls, is completely distroyed. |
| 640-1380 | Period between destruction of Library of Alexandria and the first complete |
| | English translation of the Bible |
| 640-642 | Pope John IV |
| 642-649 | Pope Theodore I |
| 649-654 | Pope Martin I, martyr |
| 654-657 | Pope Eugene I |
| 657-673 | Pope Vitalian |
| 673-676 | Pope Adeodatus II |
| 676-678 | Pope Donus |
| 678-682 | Pope Agatho |
| 682-684 | Pope Leo II |
| 684-685 | Pope Benedict II |
| 685-686 | Pope John V |
| 686-687 | Pope Conon |
| 687 | Anti-Pope Theodore |
| 687 | Anti-Pope Paschal |
| 687-701 | Pope Sergius I |
| 690? | Earliest Bible translations into England's vernacular, continued work by Bede |
| | and others from this point forward |
| 701-705 | Pope John VI |
| 705-708 | Pope John VII |
| 708 | Pope Sisinnius |
| 708-715 | Pope Constantine |
| 715-731 | Pope Gregory II |
| 731-741 | Pope Gregory III |
| 741-752 | Pope Zachary |
| 750? | Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium |
| 752-757 | Pope Stephen II (III) |
| 757-768 | Pope Paul I |
| 767 | Anti-Pope Constantine |
| 768 | Anti-Pope Philip |
| 768-772 | Pope Stephen III (IV) |
| 772-795 | Pope Adrian I |
| 795-816 | Pope Leo III |
| 816-817 | Pope Stephen IV (V) |
| 817-824 | Pope Paschal I |
| 824-827 | Pope Eugene II |
| 827 | Pope Valentine |
| 827-844 | Pope Gregory IV |
| 844 | Anti-Pope John |
| 844-847 | Pope Sergius II |
| 847-855 | Pope Leo IV |
| 850? | King Alfred translation of several Bible books into English vernacular, also |
| | done by Aldhelm and Aelfric |
| 855-858 | Pope Benedict III |
| 855 | Anti-Pope Anastasius |
| 856 | Earthquake in Corinth kills 45,000 |
| 858-867 | Pope Nicholas I |
| 867-872 | Pope Adrian II |
| 872-882 | Pope John VII |
| 882-884 | Pope Marinus I |
| 884-885 | Pope Adrian III |
| 885-891 | Pope Stephen V (VI) |
| 891-896 | Pope Formosus |
| 896 | Pope Boniface VI |
| 896-897 | Pope Stephen VI (VII) |
| 897 | Pope Romanus |
| 897-898 | Pope Theodore II |
| 898-900 | Pope John IX |
| 900-903 | Pope Benedict IV |
| 903-904 | Pope Leo V |
| 903 | Anti-Pope Christopher |
| 904-911 | Pope Sergius III |
| 911-913 | Pope Anastasius III |
| 913-914 | Pope Landus |
| 914-928 | Pope John X |
| 928 | Pope Leo VI |
| 928-931 | Pope Stephen VII (VIII) |
| 931-936 | Pope John XI |
| 936-939 | Pope Leo VII |
| 939-942 | Pope Stephen VIII (IX) |
| 942-946 | Pope Marinus II |
| 946-955 | Pope Agapitus II |
| 955-963 | Pope John XII |
| 963-964 | Pope Leo VIII |
| 964-965 | Pope Benedict V |
| 965-973 | Pope John XIII |
| 973-974 | Pope Benedict VI |
| 974 | Anti-Pope Boniface VII |
| 974-983 | Pope Benedict VII |
| 983-985 | Pope John XIV |
| 985-996 | Pope John XV |
| 996-999 | Pope Gregory V |
| 997 | Anti-Pope John XVI |
| 999-1003 | Pope Sylvester II |
| 1003-1004 | Pope John XVII |
| 1004-1009 | Pope John XVIII |
| 1009-1012 | Pope Sergius IV |
| 1012-1024 | Pope Benedict VIII |
| 1012 | Anti-Pope Gregory |
| 1024-1032 | Pope John XIX |
| 1032-1045 | Pope Benedict IX |
| 1045 | Pope Sylvester III |
| 1045 | Pope Benedict IX |
| 1045-1046 | Pope Gregory VI |
| 1046-1047 | Pope Clement II |
| 1047-1048 | Pope Benedict IX |
| 1048-1049 | Pope Damasus II |
| 1049-1055 | Pope Leo IX |
| 1054 | Split between Eastern and Western churches formalized, Orthodox Church |
| | founded |
| 1055-1057 | Pope Victor II |
| 1057-1059 | Pope Stephen IX (X) |
| 1057 | Earthquake in Cilicia (Asia Minor) kills 60,000 |
| 1058 | Anti-Pope Benedict X |
| 1059-1061 | Pope Nicholas II |
| 1061-1073 | Pope Alexender II |
| 1061 | Anti-Pope Honorius II |
| 1073-1086 | Gregory VII |
| 1080 | Anti-Pope Clement III |
| 1086-1088 | Pope Victor III |
| 1088-1099 | Pope Urban II |
| 1095-1291 | 10 Crusades, 1st called by Pope Urban II, to restore Asia Minor to Byzantium |
| | and conquer the Holy Land from the Turks |
| 1099-1118 | Pope Paschal II |
| 1100 | Anti-Pope Theodoric |
| 1102 | Anti-Pope Albert |
| 1105 | Anti-Pope Sylvester IV |
| 1118-1119 | Pope Gelasius II |
| 1118 | Anti-Pope Gregory VIII |
| 1119-1124 | Pope Callistus II |
| 1124-1130 | Pope Honorius II |
| 1124 | Anti-Pope Celestine II |
| 1130-1143 | Pope Innocent II |
| 1130 | Anti-Pope Anacletus II |
| 1138 | Anti-Pope Victor IV |
| 1143-1144 | Pope Celestine II |
| 1144-1145 | Pope Lucius II |
| 1145-1153 | Pope Eugene III |
| 1153-1154 | Pope Anastasius IV |
| 1154-1159 | Pope Adrian IV |
| 1159-1181 | Pope Alexander III |
| 1159 | Anti-Pope Victor IV |
| 1164 | Anti-Pope Paschal III |
| 1168 | Anti-Pope Callistus III |
| 1179 | Anti-Pope Innocent III |
| 1181-1185 | Pope Lucius III |
| 1185-1187 | Pope Urban III |
| 1187 | Pope Gregory VIII |
| 1187-1191 | Pope Clement III |
| 1191 | Pope Celestine III |
| 1198-1216 | Pope Innocent III |
| 1206 | Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic by an apparition of Mary |
| 1215 | Dominican order begun |
| 1216-1227 | Pope Honorius III |
| 1223 | Franciscan order begun |
| 1225-1274 | Thomas Aquinas, theologian and philosopher |
| 1227-1241 | Pope Gregory IX |
| 1241-1243 | Pope Celestine IV |
| 1243-1254 | Pope Innocent IV |
| 1254-1261 | Pope Alexander IV |
| 1260 | Date which a 1988 Vatican sponsered scientific study places the origin of the |
| | Shroud of Turin |
| 1261-1265 | Pope Urban IV |
| 1265-1271 | Pope Clement IV |
| 1271-1276 | Pope Gregory X |
| 1276 | Pope Innocent V |
| 1276 | Pope Adrian V |
| 1276-1277 | Pope John XXI |
| 1277-1294 | Pope Nicholas IV |
| 1294 | Pope Celestine V |
| 1294-1303 | Pope Boniface VIII |
| 1303-1305 | Pope Benedict XI |
| 1305-1316 | Pope Clement V |
| 1316-1334 | Pope John XXII |
| 1321? | The Divine Comedy, by Dante Alighieri |
| 1328 | Anti-Pope Nicholas V |
| 1334-1342 | Pope Benedict XII |
| 1342-1352 | Pope Clement VI |
| 1350? | English begins to emerge as the national language of England |
| 1350? | Renaissance begins in Italy |
| 1352-1362 | Pope Innocent VI |
| 1354 | Earliest extant documentation stating the existance of the Shroud of Turin |
| 1362-1370 | Pope Urban V |
| 1370-1378 | Pope Gregory XI |
| 1378-1389 | Pope Urban VI |
| 1378 | Anti-Pope Clement VII |
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