Bless His Holy Names

Bless His Holy Names

Let us pursue the knowledge of the LORD!  (Hosea 6:3)

Psalm 5:11    But let all those rejoice who put their trust in You; let them ever shout for
joy, because You defend them; Let those also who love Your name be joyful in You.

Psalm 7:17   I will praise the LORD according to His righteousness, and will sing praise
to the name of the LORD Most High.

Psalm 9:10   And those who know Your name will put their trust in You; for You, Lord,
have not forsaken those who seek You.

Psalm 20:7    Some trust in chariots, and some in horses; but we will remember the name
of the LORD our God.

Psalm 30:4    Sing praise to the LORD, you saints of His, and give thanks at the
remembrance of His holy name.  

Psalm 86:12    I will praise You, O Lord my God, with all my heart, and I will glorify
Your name forevermore.  

Psalm 103:1    Bless the LORD, O my soul; and all that is within me, bless His holy
name!

Psalm 113:1-3   Praise the LORD!  Praise, O servants of the LORD, Praise the name of
the LORD!  Blessed be the name of the LORD from this time forth and forevermore! 
From the rising of the sun to its going down the LORD?s name is to be praised.

Psalm 116:17    I will offer to You the sacrifice of thanksgiving, and will call upon the
name of the LORD.

Zephaniah 3:12   I will leave in your midst a meek and humble people, and they shall
trust in the name of the LORD.  

Malachi 1:14    ?For I am a great King,? says the LORD of hosts, ?and My name is to be
feared among the nations.?  


Bless His Holy Names!


Our greatest need is to know God.  God desires to be known personally, intimately,
and powerfully by us so He revealed to us His names.  Each one of God?s names reveals
another aspect of His multi-faceted character.  Through understanding His names we can
grow in strength and wisdom just like those who first heard them.  

?The name of the LORD is a strong tower; the righteous run to it and are safe.?
Proverbs 18:10

Read the following verses and underline the blessings that will be ours as we grow in
knowledge and understanding of God and His names:

Psalm 5:11   But let all those rejoice who put their trust in You; Let them ever shout for
joy, because You defend them; Let those also who love Your name be joyful in You.

Psalm 9:10   And those who know Your name will put their trust in You; for You, LORD,
have not forsaken those who seek You.

Psalm 91:14,15   ?Because he has set his love upon Me, therefore I will deliver him; 
I will set him on high, because he has known My name.  He shall call upon Me, and 
I will answer him; I will be with him in trouble; I will deliver him and honor him.?

Psalm 119:132   Look upon me and be merciful to me, as Your custom is toward those
who love Your name.

Daniel 11:32b  ?but the people who know their God shall be strong, and carry out great
exploits.

Read Psalm 20.


What are the LORD?s promises in this psalm?



Why is David boasting in the name of the LORD?



Write out a prayer to God expressing your desire to know Him more fully by His names.  



?The desire of our soul is for Your name and for the remembrance of You.?  Isaiah 26:8
God 
(Elohim)

Read Genesis 1.  



What is revealed about Elohim in this passage?

What do I learn about myself in relationship to Elohim?
  
What should my response be from what I have discovered about Elohim and my
relationship to Him?

Further study:  Read Job chapters 38 ? 41.  God reminds Job that Job is a created being
and God is his Creator.  What is Job?s response in Job 40:3-5 and 42:1-6?

 
Write out a prayer to Elohim using His name at least three times.


?For the LORD your God is God of gods and Lord of lords, the great God, mighty and awesome.?
Deuteronomy 10:17
God Most High
(El Elyon)

Read Genesis 14.

What is revealed about El Elyon in this passage?


What do I learn about myself in relationship to El Elyon?


What should my response be from what I have discovered about El Elyon and my
relationship to Him?


Further study:  Describe how King Nebuchadnezzar came to recognize God as El Elyon in
Daniel chapter four.


Write out a prayer to El Elyon using this name at least three times. ?
I will cry out to God Most High, to God who performs all things for me.?  Psalm 57:2

Almighty God
(El Shaddai)

Read Genesis 17:1-27.



What is revealed about El Shaddai in this passage?





What do I learn about myself in relationship to El Shaddai?





What should my response be from what I have discovered about El Shaddai and my
relationship to Him?





Further study:  Why did the circumstances of Jacob?s life in Genesis 35:1-29 make his
understanding of the name El Shaddai so important?  





Write out a prayer to El Shaddai using His name at least three times.







?He who dwells in the secret place of the Most High shall abide under the shadow of the Almighty.?
Psalm 91:1
Adonai
(Lord)

Read Isaiah 6:1-13.



What is revealed about Adonai in this passage?





What do I learn about myself in relationship to Adonai?





What should my response be from what I have discovered about Adonai and my
relationship to Him?  





Further study:  Read Genesis 18:16-33 and note the evidences of the master/slave analogy
found in this passage.  How many times did Abraham refer to God as ?Lord? (Adonai)?






Write out a prayer to Adonai using His name at least three times.






?I will praise You, O Lord my God, with all my heart, and I will glorify Your name forevermore.?
Psalm 86:12
Jehovah
(LORD)

Read Exodus 3:1-22.



What is revealed about Jehovah in this passage?





What do I learn about myself in relationship to Jehovah?





What should my response be from what I have discovered about Jehovah and my
relationship to Him?





Further study: Read Exodus 6:2-8 and Psalm 102.
How does God?s personal name, Jehovah, set Him apart from all other (false) gods? 






Write out a prayer to Jehovah using His name at least three times.






?Who among you fears the LORD?  Who obeys the voice of His Servant?  Who walks in darkness
and has no light?  Let him trust in the name of the LORD and rely upon his God.?  Isaiah 50:10
The LORD Provides
(Jehovah-jireh)

Read Genesis 22:1-19.



What is revealed about Jehovah-jireh in this passage?





What do I learn about myself in relationship to Jehovah-jireh?





What should my response be from what I have discovered about Jehovah-jireh and my
relationship to Him?





Further study:  Read Psalm 23. What needs listed in this Psalm does Jehovah-jireh
provide? 






Write out a prayer to Jehovah-jireh using His name at least three times.





?And my God shall supply all your need according to His riches in glory by Christ Jesus.?
Philippians 4:19

The LORD Who Heals
(Jehovah-rapha)


Read Exodus 15.



What is revealed about Jehovah-rapha in this passage?





What do I learn about myself in relationship to Jehovah-rapha?





What should my response be from what I have discovered about Jehovah-rapha and my
relationship to Him?





Further study:  We read in II Kings 5:1-19 that Jehovah healed Naaman, but initially
Naaman resisted God?s offer of healing. What are some of the reasons he almost
squandered the offer of God?s healing?  






Write out a prayer to Jehovah-rapha using His name at least three times.




?Heal me, O LORD, and I shall be healed; save me, and I shall be saved.  For You are my praise.?
Jeremiah 17:14
The LORD Who Sanctifies
(Jehovah-mekaddishkem)

Read Exodus 31:12-18 and Leviticus 20:7,8, and 26.



What is revealed about Jehovah-mekaddishkem in this passage?





What do I learn about myself in relationship to Jehovah-mekaddishkem?





What should my response be from what I have discovered about Jehovah-mekaddishkem
and my relationship to Him?





Further study:  Read I Peter 1:1-2:2, John 17:17 and I Thess. 5:23.  To what extent does
God intend to sanctify us?  How does God sanctify us? 






Write out a prayer to Jehovah-mekaddishkem using His name at least three times.






?And you shall be holy to Me, for I the LORD am holy, and have separated you from the peoples, 
that you should be Mine.?   Leviticus 20:26
The LORD is Peace
(Jehovah-shalom)

Read Judges 6:1-24.



What is revealed about Jehovah-shalom in this passage?





What do I learn about myself in relationship to Jehovah-shalom?





What should my response be from what I have discovered about Jehovah-shalom and my
relationship to Him?





Further study:  From Ephesians 2:11-22 we discover that God?s peace is found in a Person.
In what ways is Jesus Christ our peace?






Write out a prayer to Jehovah-shalom using His name at least three times.






?You will keep him in perfect peace, whose mind is stayed on You, because he trusts in You.?
Isaiah 26:3
The LORD Our Righteousness
(Jehovah-tsidkenu)

Read Jeremiah 22:1 - 23:8.



What is revealed about Jehovah-tsidkenu in this passage?





What do I learn about myself in relationship to Jehovah-tsidkenu?





What should my response be from what I have discovered about Jehovah-tsidkenu and my
relationship to Him?





Further study:  Read Isaiah 61:10-11 and Romans 3:19-26.
How does Jehovah-tsidkenu become our righteousness? Why is this so important?  






Write out a prayer to Jehovah-tsidkenu using His name at least three times.





"For He made Him who knew no sin to be sin for us, that we might become the 
righteousness of God in Him."  (II Corinthians 5:21)

Bless His Holy Names


List all the names of God we have studied thus far and their meanings.
NAME                                MEANING 
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8
9.
10.

Read Jeremiah 10:1-25.  List all the names and/or descriptions of God in this passage.




What truths about God were most striking to Jeremiah?  
The nation of Israel was being conquered and taken captive by idol worshipping
Babylonians. Considering these circumstances, why were these truths about God so
important to be grasped and believed?  




What names of God in our study have been most striking to you? Why? 



Further study: Isaiah 40:18-31



Write out a prayer to God using the names of God that are most precious to you at this
time in your journey. 




Names of God Glossary

Elohim:  Powerful God ? Genesis 1:1.  A generic term for deity as well as a proper name for the true
God.  Its basic meaning is strong one, mighty leader, supreme Deity.  The form of the word is plural,
indicating plentitude of power and majesty and allowing for the N.T. revelation of the triunity of the
Godhead.1  
   
He, the Creator, has made me and owns me, and I am accountable to Him. 

El Elyon:  God Most High ? Genesis 14:19,20.  The name God Most High emphasizes God?s strength
and sovereignty.2    

 He is Infinitely Sovereign and I am nothing compared to Him. 

El Shaddai:  God Almighty ? Genesis 17:1.  Shaddai is derived from a related word that means
?mountain?, thus picturing God as the overpowering, almighty One, standing on a mountain? abundantly
supplying every need.3
   
He is omnipotent and I am weak and helpless apart from Him. 

Adonai:  Lord - Genesis 15:2.  Lord, Master, Sovereign.4

In almost all English translations of the Old Testament, the word ?Lord?, with the letters ?ord? in
lower case, translates the word Adonai.  
   
He is the Master and I am His servant.

Jehovah:  the LORD ? Exodus 3:14.  Jehovah (Yahweh) is the personal proper name of Israel?s God.  It
has a twofold meaning:  I AM, the active, self-existent One (Ex. 3:14) as well as Israel?s Redeemer who is
faithful to His covenant (Ex. 6:6).5

In almost all English translations of the Old Testament, the word ?LORD?, with the letters ?ORD?
in upper case, translates the word Jehovah (Yahweh).  

   He is the Self Existent, Self Revealing God and I am His by His Covenant and Promise.

Jehovah-jireh:  The LORD Will Provide ? Genesis 22:14. Or ?The LORD will see to it?.6

   He the Provider and I am totally dependent on Him to meet all my needs.

Jehovah-rapha:  I, the LORD, am your healer ? Exodus 15:26.  Rapha means to cure, heal thoroughly,
make whole.7 

   He is the Healer and I am a broken, helpless, hopeless sinner apart from His healing power.

Jehovah-mekaddishkem:  The LORD who sanctifies you ? Exodus 31:13.  

   He is the Holy One who has set me apart to be His alone. 

Jehovah-shalom:  The LORD is peace ? Judges 6:24.  Shalom defines the wholeness of one?s
relationship with Jehovah God.8

   He is the God who is in total control and who gives me rest and confidence in the midst of all conflicts.

Jehovah-tsidkenu:  The LORD our righteousness- Jeremiah 23:6.  

   He is the Righteous One who cleanses from sin and provides His righteousness to His people.

1 Charles Ryrie, Ryrie Study Bible (Moody Press, Chicago, 1978), p. 7.
2  Ibid, p. 28.
3  Ibid, p. 31
4  Ibid, p. 28.
5  Ibid, p. 9.
6  Ibid, p. 40.
7  Spiros Zodhiates, ed., ?Hebrew and Chaldee Dictionary?, The Hebrew-Greek Key Study Bible (AMG Publishers, Chattanooga, TN, 1984), p. 110.
 8  Ken Hemphill, The Names of God (Broadman & Holman Pub., Nashville, TN, 2001), p. 207.

Bless His Holy Names, Bible Study by Val Berrus


Additional Resources

Arthur, Kay, LORD, I Want to Know You (Waterbrook Press, Colorado Springs, CO, 2000)

Briscoe, Jill, God?s Name, God?s Nature (Victor Books, Wheaton, IL, 1988)

Hemphill, Ken, The Names of God (Broadman & Holman Pub., Nashville, TN, 2001)

Purnell, Dick, Knowing God by His Names (Harvest House Publishers, Eugene, OR, 2005)



 

EL SHADDAI the God who more than enough

El  Shaddai

Definition:

El-Shaddai means God Almighty. El points to the power of God Himself. Shaddai seems to be derived from another word meaning breast, which implies that Shaddai signifies one who nourishes, supplies, and satisfies. It is God as El who helps, but it is God as Shaddai who  abundantly blesses with all manner of blessings.

Meaning:

God desires to bless man and provide in abundance all of mans needs. This name is indicative of a God who is powerful enough to do just that. Only an all powerful God can bless all mankind with all manner of blessings.

Scripture Support:

Genesis 17:1,2
And when Abram was ninety years old and nine, the Lord appeared to Abram, and said unto him, I am the Almighty God; walk before me, and be thou perfect. And I will make my covenant between me and thee, and will multiply thee exceedingly.

Genesis 28:3
And God Almighty bless thee, and make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, that thou mayest be a multitude of people.

Genesis 35:11
And God said unto him, I am God Almighty: be fruitful and multiply; a nation and a company of nations shall be of thee. and kings shall come out of thy loins.

Genesis 48:3,4
And Jacob said unto Joseph, God Almighty appeared unto me at Luz in the land of Canaan, and blessed me, And said unto me, Behold, I will make thee fruitful, and multiply thee, and I will make of thee a multitude of people: and will give this land to thy seed after thee for an everlasting possession.

Genesis 49:24,25
But his bow abode in strength, and the arms of his hands were made strong by the hands of the mighty God of Jacob; (from thence is the shepherd, the stone of Israel:) Even by the God of thy father, who shall bless thee with blessings of heaven above, blessings of the deep that lieth under, blessings of the breasts, and of the womb.

Numbers 24:4,16
He hath said, which heard the words of God, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but having his eyes open. He hath said, which heard the words of God, and knew the knowledge of the most High, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into trance, but having his eyes open.

Ruth 1:20,21
And she said unto them, Call me not Naomi, call me Mara: for the Almighty hath dealt very bitterly with me. I went out full, and the Lord hath brought me home again empty: why then call ye me Naomi, seeing the Lord hath testified against me, and the Almighty hath afflicted me?

Isaiah 60:15,16
Whereas thou hast been forsaken and hated, so that no man went through thee, I will make thee an eternal excellency, a joy of many generations. Thou shalt also suck the milk of Gentiles and shalt such the breasts of kings: and thou shalt know that I the Lord am thy Saviour and thy Redeemer, the mighty One of Jacob.

Isaiah 66:10-13
Rejoice ye with Jerusalem and be glad with her, all ye that love her: rejoice for joy with her, all ye that mourn for her: That ye may suck, and be satisfied with the breasts of her consolations; that ye may milk out, and be delighted with the abundance of her glory. For thus saith the Lord, Behold, I will extend peace to her like a river, and the glory of the Gentiles like a flowing stream: them shall ye suck, ye shall be borne upon her sides and be dandled upon her knees. As one whom his mother comforteth, so will comfort you; and ye shall be comforted in Jerusalem.

Revelation 16:7,14
And I heard another out of the altar say, Even so, Lord God Almighty, true and righteous are thy judgments. For they are the spirits of devils, working miracles, which go forth unto the kings of the earth and of the whole world, to gather them to the battle of that great day of God Almighty.

Revelation 19:15
And out of His mouth goeth a sharp sword, that with it he should smite the nations: and He shall rule them with a rod of iron: and He treadeth the winepress of the fierceness and wrath of Almighty God.

Revelation 21:22,23
And I saw no temple therin: for the Lord God Almighty and the Lamb are the temple of it. And the city had no need of the sun, neither of the moon, to shine in it: for the glory of God did lighten it and the Lamb is the light there of.

Conclusion:

God is powerful enough to provide His people with blessings. Not only is He powerful enough to do so; He wants to, but he also wants man to worship and obey Him.

Application:

I will obey all that God has commanded me to do. When I blow it and make a mistake I will stop and ask God to forgive me and restore me to fellowship with Him that I might once again enjoy His blessings.

Chronology of Christianity

Chronology of Christianity (1AD-Present)

Last Update: 28 May 1997 (corrections made) The purpose of this chronology is to assist Christians of any denomination in their search for knowledge and truth regarding the development of the Christian religion. The primary sources used in assembling this list include a chronology by Paul Harvey available on the Internet from pharvey@quack.kfu.com, The World Almanac and Book of Facts, the Academic American Encyclopedia (on Compuserve), Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary, and The English Versions of the Bible by John Berchmans Dockery O.F.M. Question marks on dates indicate approximate dates, question marks on other information indicates information which is theoretical and/or not universally accepted as fact.
 

1AD-36?	Life of Jesus Christ
1AD	First year in Christian calendar (a.d. = anno Domini) (see 525), Augustus
	(Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus) is emperor of Rome
6	Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as
	province Iudaea under direct Roman administration, cap. Caesarea
6-?	Quirinius: Legate (Governor) of Syria, 1st Roman tax census of Iudaea
6-9	Coponius: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
7-26	Brief period of peace, free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee
9-12?	M. Ambivius: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
12?-15	Annius Rufus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
14-37	Tiberius I emperor of Rome, b. 42BC
25?	Assumption (Testament) of Moses, original Hebrew extant Latin (Apocrypha)
26-36	Pontius Pilate: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
27-29?	John the Baptist begins ministry (Luke 3,1-2) (15th year of Tiberius)
27-34?	Jesus baptized by John the Baptist (Mk1:4-11)
33-34?	John the Baptist arrested and killed by Herod Antipas (Luke 3,19-20)
33-36?	Jesus' ministry
36?	Jesus crucified, Friday, Nisan 14th, March 30th, [Ref: John, Unauthorized
	Version/Fox] Last Supper would have been Thursday evening. (7Apr30 &
	3Apr33 possible Fri/14/Nisan crucifixion dates)
36?-65?	Period of oral tradition in Christianity between the time of Jesus and the time
	the first gospel (Mark) is written, original Christians disperse throughout
	Judea and Samaria (Acts 8,1ff), Peter leads the new Christian Church,
	moves the Church headquarters to Rome

36?-67	Period Peter leads the new Christian Church, moves the church headquarters
	from Jerusalem to Rome
36?-37	Paul of Tarsus has Stephen martyred and the Jerusalem church destroyed
37	Paul of Tarsus is converted (Acts 9)
37-41	Gaius Caligula emperor of Rome, declared himself god
37-41?	Marullus: Roman Prefect of Iudaea (Samaria, Judea, and Idumea)
40	Paul goes to Jerusalem to consult with Peter (Gal 1, 18-20)
41-54	Claudius emperor of Rome, killed by poisoning by his wife Agrippina
44	James, brother of John, executed by Herod Agrippa I (Acts 12, 1-3)
47-48	Paul and Barnabas on Cyprus (Acts 13, 4-12)
48-49	Council of Jerusalem, 1st Christian Council, doctrine regarding circumcision
	and dietary law is agreed to by apostles and presbyters, written in a letter
	addressed to "the brothers of Gentile origin in Antioch, Syria, and Cilicia"
	(Acts 15)
48-57?	Paul writes Galations
49-50	Paul in Corinth (Acts 18)
50?	Peshitta translation begun, Hebrew OT->Syriac Aramaic, (Greek NT in 400)
50?	Ascension of Isaiah, original written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)
51-52	Paul writes 1 Thes
51-52	Paul writes 2 Thes
53-62	Paul writes Phil
54-68	Nero emperor of Rome
56	Paul writes 1 Corin
57	Paul writes Romans
57	Paul writes 2 Corin
57	Paul's last visit to Jerusalem [Acts21]
58	Paul arrested, imprisoned in Caesarea [Acts25:4]
59	Nero kills his mother, Agrippina
60	Paul imprisoned in Rome (Acts 28,16)
61-63?	Paul? writes Ephesians
61-63	Paul writes Philemon
61-63	Paul writes Colossians
61-63?	Paul? writes 1,2 Timothy, Titus, known as "pastoral epistles"
62?	James written by leader of Jerusalem community? (Gal 2,9?), "catholic"
	epistle
62	Paul martyred for treason in Rome
62	{Being therefore this kind of person [i.e., a heartless Sadducee], Ananus,
	thinking that he had a favorable opportunity because Festus had died and
	Albinus was still on his way, called a meeting [literally, "sanhedrin"] of
	judges and brought into it the brother of Jesus-who-is-called-Messiah,
	James by name, and some others. He made the accusation that they had
	transgressed the law, and he handed them over to be stoned.}
	[JA20.9.1,Marginal Jew,p.57]
62	Nero kills his wife Octavia and marries Poppaea Sabina
64	Great fire of Rome, started by Nero and blamed on Christians, {Therefore to
	squelch the rumor , Nero
	created scapegoats and subjected to the most refined tortures those whom
	the common people called "Christians," [a group] hated for their abominable
	crimes. Their name comes from Christ, who, during the reign of Tiberius, had
	been executed by the procurator Pontius Pilate. Suppressed for the moment,
	the deadly superstition broke out again, not only in Judea, the land which
	originated this evil, but also in the city of Rome, where all sorts of
	horrendous and shameful practices from every part of the world converge
	and are fervently cultivated.} [Tacitus Annals 15.44;Marginal
	Jew;Meier;p.89-90]
64-95?	1 Peter written in Rome, by Peter the apostle?, "catholic" epistle

65-125	Period in which 4 Gospels, Acts, Revelations, and remaining epistles written
	- Peter martyred before 1st Holy Gospel is written, 7 Popes before last
	epistle is completed
65?	Q written, (German:Quelle, meaning "source") a hypothetical Greek text used
	in writing of Matthew and Luke
65-150	Didache: Instructions of the Apostles written
65-150	Dialogue of the Savior, Gospel of Peter
65-150	Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 1224 fragments: pub. 1914
65-150	Gospel of Thomas written, based on Q?, pub. 1959, Greek originals: Papyrus
	Ox. 1,654-5
65-175	Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 840 fragments: pub. 1908
65-175	Papyrus Egerton 2 (Unknown Gospel) fragments: pub. 1935/87, in Greek
	from Palestine, one of the oldest extant Christian texts (~175)
65-250	Papyrus Fayum (P. Vindob. G. 2325) fragments: pub. 1887
65-350	"Jewish-Christian Gospels": 7 fragments of Gospel of the Ebionites and 7
	fragments of Gospel of the Hebrews in Greek; 36 fragments of Gospel of the
	Nazarenes in Aramaic; [Ref: NT Apocrypha, W. Schneemelcher, vol. 1]
66-70	Roman-Jewish War: final destruction of Second Temple (Herod's Temple)
67	Peter martyred, crucified upside down in Rome
67-78	Pope Linus, 2nd Pope, succeeds Peter (Linus mentioned in 2 Tm 4,21)
67	General Vespasian of Rome conquers Galilee
68	Nero commits suicide, resurrects as "Nero redivivus", Rev's 666? (see 81)
68	Galba emperor of Rome (6/68-1/69)
68	Qumran (Essenes?) community destroyed by Rome, site of Dead Sea Scrolls
	found in 1949
69	Otho emperor of Rome (1/69-4/69)
69	Vitellius emperor of Rome (6/69-12/69)
69	Flavian Dynasty of Rome (Vespian, Titus, Domitian)
69-79	Vespian emperor of Rome, quells unrest in Rome and Jerusalem
70	Collapse of Jewish self-government in Judea and destruction of the Temple in
	Jerusalem
70	Gospel according to Mark written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter? (1 Peter
	5,13), original ending apparently lost, endings added c 400
70?	"Signs Gospel" written, hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to
	prove Jesus is the Messiah
70-640	Sanhedrin (High Court) period of Judaism, rise of house of Hillel
75-90	Gospel according to Luke written, based on Mark and Q
75-90	Acts of the Apostles written, same author as Gospel according to Luke
79-81	Titus emperor of Rome, eldest son of Vespasian
79-91	Pope Anacletus, 3rd Pope, known as "blameless" (as in Titus 1,7?)
79	Mt Vesuvius, volcano overlooking Naples Bay, erupts, engulfs Pompeii
80-85	Gospel according to Matthew written, based on Mark and Q, most popular in
	early Church
81-96	Domitian emperor of Rome, son of Vespasian, "Nero redivivus?" (see 68)
81-96	Revelations written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his
90-100	1 John written, by author(s) of 4th gospel, "catholic" epistle
90-100	2,3 John written, by "elder", disciple of John (son of Zebedee)?, "catholic"
	epistle
90-100	Gospel according to John written, by John (son of Zebedee) and others, only
	eyewitness to Jesus?, disciple Jesus loved?, Gnostic?
90?	Josephus claims exactly 22 Jewish (OT) books: 5 Law, 13 History, 4 Hymns
91-101	Pope Clement I, 4th Pope, (mentioned in Phil 4,3), wrote letter to Corinth in
	95 called "1 Clement"
94	"Jewish Antiquities", by Josephus in Aramaic, trans. to Grk., Testimonium
	Flavianum: {At this time there appeared Jesus, a wise man. For he was a
	doer of startling deeds, a teacher of people who receive the truth with
	pleasure. And he gained a following both among many Jews and among many
	of Greek origin. And when Pilate, because of an accusation made by the
	leading men among us, condemned him to the cross, those who had loved him
	previously did not cease to do so. And up until this very day the tribe of
	Christians (named after him) has not died out.} [JA18.3.3 Meier redaction,
	Marginal Jew, p.61]
96?	Hebrews written, by ?
96-98	Nerva emperor of Rome
98-116	Trajan emperor of Rome, Roman empire reaches maximum size
100?	Odes of Solomon, written in Greek or Syriac, ref by John? (Apocrypha)
100?	Epistle of Barnabas, Christian exegesis of LXX (AF = Apostolic Fathers)
100?	2 Clement, an old sermon but not by Clement (AF = Apostolic Fathers)
100?	2 Esdras (Vg:4 Esdras), Hebrew?, claims 24 OT books (Vulgate & Peshitta)
100?	Apocalypse of Baruch (2 Baruch:Syriac, 3 Baruch:Greek) (Peshitta)
100?	Paralipomena of Jeremiah (4 Baruch), written in Hebrew (Ethiopic Bible)
100?	Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, Aramaic and Hebrew fragments found
	at Qumran Caves 1,4 (Armenian Bible)
100?	Jude written, probably by doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6,3), rejected by
	some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal Book of Enoch
	(v14), "catholic" epistle
100-125?	2 Peter written, by ?, not accepted into canon until early 400s, drew upon
	Epistle of Jude, "catholic" epistle
100-150	Secret Book (Apocryphon) of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Infancy
	Gospels of Thomas and James, Secret Gospel (of Mark) (Complete Gospels)
101-109	Pope Evaristus, 5th Pope
109-116	Pope Alexander, 6th Pope
110?	Letter of Polycarp to the Philippians, written by Polycarp (160) (AF)
110?	"Letters of Ignatius", bishop of Antioch, martyred in Rome, his letters were
	subjected to heavy Christian forgery esp. 4th cent. (Apostolic Fathers)
116-125	Pope Sixtus I, 7th Pope
117-138	Hadrian emperor of Rome, builds wall across Britain

125-350	Period of Christianity during which the first Bible was assembled - Christians
	are fiercely persecuted and then finally tolerated by the Roman Empire, Great
	Plague in Rome
125-136	Pope Telesphorus, 8th Pope, martyred
125?	Papyrus 52: oldest extant NT fragment, p.1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38
125?	Shepherd of Hermas, written in Rome (AF = Apostolic Fathers)
130-200	"Christian Apologists" writings against Roman Paganism by: Justin Martyr
	(165), Athenagoras (180?), Aristides (145?), Theophilus of Antioch (185?),
	Tatian (170), Quadratus (130?), Melito of Sardis (180?), Apollinaris of
	Hierapolis (180?), also Epistle to Diognetus in Apostolic Fathers
130?	"Gospel of Basilides", a 24 book commentary?, lost
130?	Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in Asia Minor, wrote: "Expositions of the Sayings
	of the Lord", lost, widely quoted, see Eusebius (340) (AF)
130?	Aquila of Pontus, Roman convert to Christianity then to Judaism, student of
	Rabban Gamaliel, compiled literal Greek OT translation in Jabneh (Jamnia)
132-135	Bar Kokhba Revolt: final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from
	maps, all of southern Syria renamed Palestine (coined by Herodotus)
138-161	Antoninus Pius emperor of Rome
138-142	Pope Hyginus, 9th Pope
140	Letters of Marcion, produces his own canon without OT and using only a
	heavily edited Luke + 10 Pauline Epistles, cites "Western" Gospel text-type
140?	Apocalypse of Peter, written in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2]
142-155	Pope Pius I, 10th Pope
150?	Gospel of the Egyptians, Coptic translation of orig. Greek (Nag Hammadi)
150?	"Western Revisor" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce "Western"
	version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 and Codex
	Bezae (D)
150?	Papyrus Chester Beatty 6: R963, Greek Num 5:12-36:13, Deut 1:20-34:12
155-166	Pope Anicetus, 11th Pope
160?	Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, martyred at age 86: "Let. to Philip." (110)
160?	Martyrdom of Polycarp, in Greek (Apostolic Fathers, ISBN:0-8010-5676-4)
161-180	Marcus Aurelius emperor of Rome
164-180	Great Plague in Roman Empire
166-174	Pope Soter, 12th Pope, moved Easter from Nisan 14 to following Sunday
170	Letters of Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, cites "Western" Gospel text-type
170	Christian council on Montanist sect in Asia Minor
170	Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Corinth, claims Christians were changing and
	faking his own letters just as [he knew] they had changed the Gospels
170	Tatian produces "Diatessaron" (Harmony) by blending 4 "Western" text-type
	Gospels into 1
170?	Symmachus, an Ebionite, writes an entirely new Greek OT translation
174-189	Pope Eleutherius, 13th Pope
175?	Acts of Paul (inc. 3 Cor.), in Greek [NT Apocrypha,Schneemelcher,v.2]
180-192	Commodus emperor of Rome
185-350	Canon Muratorian, 1st extant for NT?, written in Rome by Hippolytus?,
	excludes Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 3 John; includes Wisdom of Solomon,
	Apocalypse of Peter
189-198	Pope Victor I, 1st Latin Pope, 14th Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches
	that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 "Quartodeciman", (see 166,
190)
190	Christian council to determine "official" date of Easter
193-211	Septimius Severus emperor of Rome
197	Writings of Apollonius, uses the term "catholic" in reference to 1 John
198-217	Pope Zephyrinus, 15th Pope
200	Bishop of Antioch notes Gospel of Peter (see 65?) being used in Cilicia
200?	Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types:
	Jn 1:1-6:11,35-7:52;8:12-14:26,29-30;15:2-26;16:2-4,6-7,10-
	20:20,22-23,25-21:9
200?	Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14-15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus;
	Lk3:18-22,33-4:2,34-5:10,37-6:4,10-7:32,35-39,41-43,46-9:2,4-
	17:15,19-18:18; 22:4-24:53; Jn1:1-7:52;8:12-11:45,48-57;12:3-
	13:1,8-9;14:8-30;15:7-8
200?	Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, "Alexandrian" text-type: Rm5:17-6:3,5-
	14;8:15-25,27-35,37-9:32;10:1-11:22,24-33,35-15:9,11-16:27;Hb1:1-
	9:16,18-10:20,22-30,32-13:25;1Cr1:1-9:2,4-14:14,16-15:15,17-
	16:22;2Cr1:1-11:10,12-21,23-13:13;Ep1:1-2:7,10-5:6,8-6:6,8,20-
	24;Gl1:1-8,10-2:9,12-21;3:2-29;4:2-18,20-5:17,20-6:8,10-
	18;Ph1:1,5-15,17-28,30-2:12,14-27,29-3:8,10-21;4:2-12,14-
	23;Cl1:1-2,5-13,16-24,27-2:19,23-3:11,13-24;4:3-12,16-
	18;1Th1:1,9-2:3;5:5-9,23-28
200?	Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8
200?	Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15;5:20-22,25-28;26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-
	33
200?	Old Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, Syr(s) & Syr(c), of "Western" text-type
200?	Latin Bible translations begun in Carthage?, originals no longer extant
200?	Sahidic Coptic cop(sa) Bible translations written in Alexendria
212-217	Geta then Caracalla emperors of Rome
217-236	Anti-Pope Hippolytus, bishop of Rome, "Logos" sect, 1st Anti-Pope
	(illegitimate claimants of or pretenders to the papal throne)
217-222	Pope Callistus I, 16th Pope
218-222	Heliogabalus emperor of Rome
220	Goths invade Asia Minor and Balkans
220?	Clement of Alexandria, b.150?, bishop, cites "Alexandrian" NT text-type &
	Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians; wrote: "Exhortations to the
	Greeks";"Rich Man's Salutation";"To the Newly Baptized"; (Loeb Classics)
222-230	Pope Urban I, 17th Pope
222-235	Alexandar Severus emperor of Rome
223?	Tertullian, wr: "de Spectaculis" (Latin): v30.6 cites rumor Jesus son of
	prostitute, coined "New Testament", cites "Western" Gospel text-type (Loeb)
225?	Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty, Gospels (Caesarean), Acts (Alexandrian):
	Mt20:24-32;21:13-19;25:41-26:39; Mk4:36-40;5:15-26,38-6:3,16-
	25,36-50;7:3-15 ,25-8:1,10-26,34-9:9,18-31;11:27-12:1,5-8,13-
	19,24-28; Lk6:31-41,45-7:7;9:26 -41,45-10:1,6-22,26-11:1,6-25,28-
	46,50-12:12,18-37,42-13:1,6-24,29-14:10,17-33; Jn10:7-25,30-
	11:10,18-36,42-57; Ac4:27-36;5:10-21,30-39;6:7-7:2,10-21,32-
	41,52-8:1,14-25,34-9:6,16-27,35-10:2,10-23,31-41;11:2-14,24-
	12:5,13-22;13:6-16,25-36,46-14:3,15-23;15:2-7,19-27,38-16:4,15-
	21,32-40;17:9-17
225?	Papyrus 967: Chester Beatty 9, Greek Ezekiel 11:25-end, ~Codex Vaticanus
230-236	Pope Pontian, 18th Pope
230-250	Christian council of Rome, Demetrius bishop of Alex. condemns Origen who in
	248 cited a rumor recorded by Celsus that "Jesus fabricated the account of
	his birth from a virgin. In reality, Jesus' mother was driven out by the
	carpenter husband to whom she was betrothed because she had committed
	adultery with a [Roman] soldier named Panthera [thus the ben Pantere of
	Jewish sources]. Left poor and homeless, she gave birth to Jesus in secret.
	Jesus later spent time in Egypt, where he hired himself out as a laborer,
	learned magic, and so came to claim the title of God." [CC1.28-32, Marginal
	Jew, Meier, p. 223]
236-238	Maximus emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting Pope
	Pontian and anti-Pope Hippolytus to Sardinia where they soon die
236-237	Pope Anterus, 19th Pope
237-250	Pope Fabian, 20th Pope
238-244	Gordian I, II, Balbinus, Pupienus, Gordian III emperors of Rome
240-250	Christian council of Carthage
244-249	Philip the Arabian emperor of Rome
249-251	Decius emperor of Rome
249	Rome celebrates 1000th anniversary
250	Rome steps up persecution of Christians, martyrs revered as saints
250	Letters of Methodius, Pistis Sophia, Porphyry Tyrius; church fathers
250?	Mandeans (followers of John the Baptist) begin compilation of "Ginza"
250?	Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity of
	Mary; 3Cor; Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover;
	Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18;
250?	Papyrus Chester Beatty: #5:R962: Gn8:13-9:2,24:13-46:33,Enoch91-105;
	#7: I8:18-19:13,38:14-45:5,54:1=60:22; #8: Jr4:30-5:24; #10: Dn1-
	12:13(+Add),Bel4-39,Sus5-end,Esther1:1a-8:6(+Add)
251-253	Gallus emperor of Rome
251-253	Pope Cornelius, 21st Pope
251-258	Anti-Pope Novatian, decreed no forgiveness for sins after baptism
253-260	Valerian emperor of Rome, executes all Bishops, Priests, and Deacons
253-254	Pope Lucius I, 22nd Pope
254	Letters of Origen, Jesus and God one substance, adopted at Council of Nicaea
	in 325, compiled "Hexapla": 6 versions of LXX side by side: Hebrew, Hebrew
	transliterated in Greek, Aquila's Greek trans., Symmachus' Greek trans.,
	Origen's revised LXX Greek trans., Theodotion's revised LXX; also
	Quinta/Sexta/Septima trans., Tetragrammaton in square Hebrew script;
	cites "Alexandrian" & "Caesarean" NT text-types; Eusebius claimed Origen
	castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12 [EH6.8.1-3]
254-257	Pope Steven I, 23rd Pope, major schism over rebaptizing heretics and
	apostates
257-258	Pope Sixtus II, 24th Pope, martyred
257	Visigoths and Ostrogoths invade Black Sea area, Franks invade Spain
258	Letters of Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, cites "Western" NT text-type, claims
	Christians are freely forging his letters to discredit him
260-268	Gallienus emperor of Rome, reverses Valerian, restores Roman Church
260-268	Pope Dionysius, 25th Pope, rebuilds Roman Church after Valerian's massacre
264-268	Christian council on Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, founder of
	Adoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his baptism)
264?	Letters of Dionysius, bishop of Alexandria, b.190?
268	Goths sack Athens, Sparta, Corinth
268-270	Claudius II emperor of Rome
269-274	Pope Felix I, 26th Pope
270-275	Aurelian emperor of Rome
275-283	Pope Eutychian, 27th Pope, decreed that only beans and grapes be blessed at
	Mass
275?	Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rv9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-
	17:2
276-282	Marcus Aurelius Probus emperor of Rome
276	Mani, b.215, crucified, founder of Manichaean Christian sect in Persia
283-296	Pope Gaius, 28th Pope
284-305	Diocletian emperor of Rome, notorius persecuter of Christians
285	Roman empire partitioned into Western and Eastern empires
290-345	St Pachomius establishes 1st monastery in Egypt
296-304	Pope Marcellinus, 29th Pope, apostate, offered pagan sacrifices for
	Diocletian
300?	Bohairic Coptic cop(bo) Bible translations written in Alexandria
300?	Hesychius of Alex., martyr, translates Hebrew OT to Greek, lost [Jerome]
300?	Papyrus Berlin Codex of Greek Genesis; Papyrus Bodmer 24 of Greek Psalms;
	Codex Freer of Greek Minor Prophets; all published in 1927
300?	other 3rd century NT witnesses: P1:Mt1:1-9,12,14-20 P4:Lk1:58-59,62-
	2:1, 6-7;3:8-4:2,29-32,34-35;5:3-8,30-6:16 P5:Jn1:23-31,33-
	40;16:14-30;20:11-17, 19-20,22-25 P9:1Jn4:11-12,14-17 P12:Hb1:1
	P15:1Cr7:18-8:4 P20:Jm2:19-3:9 P22:Jn15:25-16:2,21-32
	P23:Jm1:10-12,15-18 P27:Rm8:12-22,24-27,33-9:3,5-9 P28:Jn6:8-
	12,17-22 P29:Ac26:7-8,20 P30:1Th4:12-13,16-17;5:3,8-10,12-18,25-
	28;2Th1:1-2 P38:Ac18:27-19:6,12-16 P39:Jn8:14-22 P40:Rm1:24-
	27,31-2:3;3:21-4:8;6:4-5:16;9:16-17:27 P48:Ac23:11-17,23-29
	P49:Ep4:16-29,31-5:13 P53:Mt26:29-40;Ac9:33-10:1 P65:1Th1:3-
	2:1,6-13 P69:Lk22:41,45-48,58-61 P70:Mt2:13-16,22-3:1;11:26-
	27;12:4-5;24:3-6,12-15 P80:Jn3:34 P87:Pm13-15,24-25
	#0171:Mt10:17-23,25-32;Lk22:44-56,61-64 #0189:Ac5:3-21
	#0220:Rm4:23-5:3,8-13 #0212(Diatessaron):Mt27:56-57;Mk15:40-
	42;Lk23:49-51,54;Jn19:38
303-311	Last persecution of Christians in Rome
304	Letters of Victor, bishop of Pettau
306-337	Emperor Constantine the Great, convert to Christianity
306-312	Maxentius emperor of Western Roman Empire
306-308	Pope Marcellus I, 30th Pope, tried removing prior Pope Marcellinus from
	official records for apostasy, exiled from Rome by Maxentius for disturbing
	the peace
310	Pope Eusebius, 31st Pope, deported to Sicily with anti-Pope Heraclius by
	Maxentius
311-314	Pope Miltiades, 32nd Pope, Constantine gives Fausta's palace as papal
	residence
312	Lucian, founded Exegetical School of Antioch, martyred
312	Constantine defeats Maxentius at Milvian Bridge, reunites Roman Empire
313	Edict of Milan, Constantine establishes toleration of Christianity
313	Miltiades excommunicates Donatus for requiring rebaptism of apostates
314-335	Pope Silvester I, 33rd Pope
314	Council of Arles, called by Constantine against Donatist (Donatus) schism
317	Letters of Lactantius, early Christian church father
321	Constantine decrees Sunday as offical Roman-Christian day of rest
325	Council of Nicaea, called by Constantine against Arianism (336), called 1st
	great Christian council by Jerome, 1st ecumenical, 318 bishops attend,
	Nicaean Creed
325?	Fayyumic Coptic cop(mf) translation fragment of John 6:11-15:11
330	Old Saint Peter's Basilica dedicated by Constantine, located over the
	traditional burial site of Saint Peter the Apostle in Rome on Vatican Hill
331	Seat of Roman Empire moved to Constantinople (formally Byzantium)
336-337	Pope Mark, 34th Pope
336	Arius, Greek theologian - Arianism (Jesus was a created being)
337-350	Roman empire splits again, Constans emperor of West until 350
337-361	Roman empire splits again, Constantius emperor of East until 361
337-352	Pope Julius I, 35th Pope
338	Jewish calendar modified with different year lengths to correct to Solar
340?	Eusebius of Caesarea (260-340), theologian & church historian, cites
	"Caesarean" NT text-type, wrote: "Ecclesiastical History" (EH); Loeb
	Classics: 2 volumes {Papias, bishop of Hierapolis (130?), claims that John
	the Elder, a disciple of Jesus, told him that Mark "was the interpreter of
	Peter and wrote down carefully what he remembered of what had been said
	or done by the Lord, but not in the right order." Also claims that "Matthew
	composed the sayings in Hebrew [more likely Aramaic] and each one
	translated them as he could."} [Ref: EH3.39.15, Unauthorized Version, Fox,
	p.126-127] Eusebius' NT Canon: Recognized Books: 4 Holy Gospels, Acts, 14
	Pauline Epistles, 1Jn, 1Pt; Disputed Books: Rev, James, Jude, 2Pt, 2-3Jn,
	Acts of Paul, Hermas, Apocalypse of Peter, Barnabas, Didache, Gospel of the
	Hebrews; Rejected Books: Gospels of Peter, Thomas, Matthias, Acts of
	Andrew, John ... [EH3.25], used the term "catholic" to refer to all seven
	epistles - James; 1,2,3 John; 1,2 Peter; Jude

350-400	Period of time between the 1st Christian Bible and the 1st Western Christian
	Bible, during which the books contained in Bibles varied
350	Letters of Adamantius, Firmicus Maternus; early Christian church fathers
350?	Codex Sinaiticus (S or ): earliest Christian Bible, (LXX - 2-
	3Maccabees - Psalms of Solomon - Ps151 + 27NT + Barnabas + Hermas),
	missing Hermas31.7-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-
	type
350?	Codex Vaticanus (B): earliest Christian Bible (LXX - 1-4Maccabees - Psalms
	of Solomon - Ps151 + 27NT), missing Gn1-46:28, Ps105:27-137:6, 1Tm-
	Phm, Heb9:14-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type
350?	Papyrus Antinoopolis of Book of Proverbs in Greek, published in 1950
350?	Papyrus Chester Beatty: #4:R961: Greek Gn9:1-44:22; #11: Greek
	Sir36:28- 37:22,46:6-47:2; #12: Greek Enoch93:12-13,94:7-8,97:6-
	104:13,106:1-107:3
350?	Papyrus Bodmer 45-46: Greek Susanna, Daniel 1:1-20 (Theodotion's LXX)
350?	Canon Cheltenham: 24NT books (excludes James, Jude, Hebrews)
350?	Akhmimic cop(ac) & Sub-Akhmimic cop(ac2) Coptic translations of John
350?	Ulfilas, apostle to the Goths (Germans), translates Greek NT to Gothic
352-366	Pope Liberius, 36th Pope
354-430	St. Augustine, Latin Bishop considered the founder of formalized Christian
	theology, church father
355-365	Anti-Pope Felix II, Arianism (336), supported by Constantius II
360	Huns invade Europe, scrolls begin to be replaced by books (Codex)
361-363	Julian the Apostate emperor of East, attempts to revive Paganism
363	Council of Laodicea names 26 NT books (excludes Revelations)
363	Letters of Marius Victorinus, Acacius of Caesarea; early church fathers
364	Council of Laodicea decrees death for Christians who keep 7th day Sabbath
366-384	Pope Damasus I, 37th Pope, hired thugs to massacre rival Ursinians
	(Liberians)
366-367	Anti-Pope Ursinus, leader of supporters of former Pope Liberius
367	Athanasias, bishop of Alexandria, first citing of modern 27 NT canon
367	Letters of Hilary of Poitiers, Lucifer of Calaris; early church fathers
367	Athanasius, d.373, bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27NT canon
370	Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, Cyprus; cites 27NT + Wisdom of Solomon
370	Doctrine of Addai at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron
	(instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. 3 Corinthians)
373	Letters of Ephraem Syrus, cites "Western" Acts text-type
378	Letters of Titus of Bostra, Ambrosiaster, Priscillian; church fathers
379-395	Theodosius the Great, last emperor of the united empire
380	Feb 27, Christianity declared official state religion by Theodosius
381	Council of Theodosius at Constantinople, 2nd ecumenical, Jesus had true
	human soul
382-384	Pope Damasus I has Jerome revise and unify Latin Bibles
383	Roman legions begin to evacuate Britain
384	Jerome presents Pope Damasus I with new Latin Gospels, originals lost
384-399	Pope Siricius, 38th Pope, criticized Jerome
390	Apollinaris of Laodicea, Jesus had human body but divine spirit
390	Letters of Tyconius, Gregory of Nyssa, Didymus of Alex.; church fathers
391?	Ammianus Marcellinus, b.330, Christian historian, wrote: "Res gestae"
393,397	Augustine's Councils, cites exactly 27 NT books (see 354)
395	Theodosius prohibits practice of Pagan rituals including Olympic Games
395	Ausonius, b.310?, Christian governor of Gaul; Loeb Classics 2v (Latin)
396	Alaric, king of the Visigoths, plunders Athens
397	Ambrose, b.333?, bishop & governor of Milan, wrote: "de Fide" ...
399-401	Pope Anastasius I, 39th Pope
400-484	Era between 1st Western Christian Bible and the Great Schism - Christian
	doctrine is formed, Roman empire ends
400?	Vulgate Bible, by Jerome?, (340?-420) originals lost, Vulgate Latin text
	becomes standard Western Christian Bible
400?	Jerome cites "expanded" ending in Mark after Mark 16,14
400?	Jerome adds Pericope of the Adultress (John 7,53-8,11)
400?	Codex Vercellensis it(a): Latin Gospels, of "European" text-type
400?	Peshitta Bible, Syriac (Aramaic) Vulgate, Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes:
	2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; Peshitta becomes standard Syrian Christian Bible
400?	Codex Bobiensis it(k): ~half of Mt/Mk in Latin, "African" (Carthage) text-
	type, has "shorter" ending of Mark after Mk16:8
401-417	Pope Innocent I, 40th Pope, decreed Roman custom the norm for Christianity
401	Visigoths invade Italy
403	Letters of Epiphanius of Constantia, John Chrysostom; church fathers
410	Visigoths sack Rome under king Alaric
414	Letters of Nicetas of Remesiana, Orosius; early Christian church fathers
415	Bishop Cyril of Alex. (444) expels Jews, kills Hypatia with oyster shells
416	Visigoths take Spain
417-418	Pope Zosimus, 41st Pope
418-422	Pope Boniface I, 42nd Pope
418-419	Anti-Pope Eulalius
418	Franks take Gaul
420	St. Jerome, (S.E. Hieronymus), b.340?, Latin scholar; (Loeb Classics)
422-432	Pope Celestine I, 43rd Pope
423	Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, notes Tatian's Harmony (170) in heavy use
431	Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical, decreed Mary the Mother of God
429	Picts and Scots expelled from southern England by Anglo-Saxon-Jutes
430	St. Augustine, b.354, origin of "Original Sin," church father & philosopher,
	wrote: "The City of God", "Confessions"; Loeb Classics 10 v. (Latin)
430	Letters of Marcus Eremita, Nilus of Ancyra; Christian church fathers
431	Syrian Christianity splits into East (Nestorian-disagreed with Council of
	Ephesus) and West (Jacobites)
432	St Patrick begins mission in Ireland
432-440	Pope Sixtus III, 44th Pope
433-453	Attila the Hun, "Scourge of the Gods"
440-461	Pope Leo I, 45th Pope
444	Letters of Cyril of Alexandria, Arnobius the Younger; church fathers
450	Mark's Resurrection of Jesus added to Bible (Mark 16, 9-20)
450?	Codex Alexandrinus (A): (LXX - 1-2Maccabees + 14_Church_Odes + 27NT +
	1-2Clement), missing 1K12:17-14:9, Ps49:20-79:11, Psalms of Solomon,
	Mt1-25:6, Jn6:50-8:52, 2Cr4:13-12:6, 1Clement57.7-63.4,
	2Clement12.5b-end; of "Alexandrian" text-type: most accurate text-type
450?	Codex Bezae (D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus (W):
	Greek Gospels; both of "Western" text-type: "fondness for paraphrase"
450?	Codex Ephraemi Syri rescriptus (C): Greek LXX + 27NT, many gaps
450?	Codex Marchalianus (Q): Greek LXX + Luke + John, many gaps
450?	Codex Ambrosianus (F): Greek Genesis to Joshua
450?	Codex Freer: Greek Deuteronomy and Joshua
450?	Codex Colberto-Sarravianus: Origen's Greek Hexapla LXX of Gen-Judg
450?	Codex Palatinus it(e): Latin Gospels, "African" (Carthage) text-type
450?	Codex Veronensis it(b): Latin Gospels, "European/Vulgate" text-type
450?	Syr(pal), Palestinian Syriac (Aramaic) Gospels, of "Caesarean" text-type
450?	std. Aramaic Targums, T. Onkelos of Torah, T. Jonathan of Prophets
451	Council of Chalcedon, 4th ecumenical, declared Jesus is 2 natures, both
	human and divine in one, a compromise solution of Jesus god/man schisms
451	Nestorius of Constantinople, Nestorians: Mary was *not* "Mother of God"
451	Letters of Hesychius, Quodvultdeus; early Christian church fathers
454	Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysites: Jesus was divine but not human
455	Vandals sack Rome
457-474	Pope Leo I, 46th Pope, becomes emperor of remaining (eastern) Roman
	empire
461-468	Pope Hilarus, 47th Pope
463	Letters of Prosper of Aquitaine, early Christian church father
466	Letters of Shenute of Atripe, Theodoret of Cyrrhus; early church fathers
468-483	Pope Simplicius, 48th Pope
474-491	Zeno, eastern Roman emperor
476	Official end of western Roman empire, last emperor Romulus Augustulus
480-547	St. Benedict, founded the Benedictines
483-492	Pope Felix III (II), 49th Pope

484-640	Period between Great Schism and the destruction of the Library of Alexendria
	- After the end of the Roman Empire, the Catholic Church sees a period of
	turmoil and division, Europe's population "halved" by plague, great
	earthquakes occur
484-519	Acacian schism, over "Henoticon" divides Eastern (Greek) and Western
	(Roman) churches. Photinus, deacon of Thessalonica, was of the Greek
	church and held to the Acacian heresy, which denied the divine paternity of
	Christ. Photinus persuaded emperor Anastasius I to accept the Acacian
	heresy.
484	Letters of Vigilius of Thapsus, early Christian church father
489	Zeno destroys Nestorian (451) school at Edessa, erects Church of St Simeon
491	Armenian Church seceds from East (Byzantium) and West (Rome) churches
491-518	Anastasius I eastern Roman emperor
492-496	Pope Gelasius I, 50th Pope, "Vicar of Christ" is first used as another title
496-498	Pope Anastasius II
498	Nestorians (451) settle in Nisibis, Persia
498-514	Pope Symmachus
514-523	Pope Hormisdas
523-526	Pope John I, martyr
498-506	Anti-Pope Lawrence, Lawrencian schism
500	Incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican
500?	Codex Sangallensis vg: earliest extant Latin Vulgate, Gospels
500?	Codex Argenteus (got): earliest nearly complete Gothic (German), Gospels
500?	Codex Cottonianus: Greek Genesis
502	Narsai of Mealletha, Syrian poet, heads Nestorian school in Nisibis(498)
518-527	Justin I: emperor of Byzantine (former eastern Roman) empire
524	Boethius, b.480?, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote: "Theological
	Tractates", "Consolation of Philosophy"; (Loeb Classics) (Latin)
525	Dionysius Exiguus sets Christian calendar (a.d.) & Jesus' birth @ 23 Dec 1AD
526	Earthquake in Antioch kills 250,000
526-530	Pope Felix IV (III)
527-565	Justinian the Great, Byzantine emperor
527	Letters of Fulgentius, early Christian church father
529	Justinian closes 1000yr Athen's School of Philosophy, declared Paganistic
530-532	Pope Boniface II
530	Anti-Pope Dioscorus
532-535	Pope John II
533	N. Africa captured by Belisarius from Vandals, becomes Byzantine province
534-870	Malta becomes Byzantine province
535-536	Pope Agapitus I
536-537	Pope Silverius, martyr
537-555	Pope Vigilius, involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with Justinian
	and Theodora, excommunicated by N. African bishops in 550
539-562	War between Byzantine empire and Persia
542	Plague in Constantinople from Egyptian and Syrian rats, spreads to Europe
543	Justinian condemns Origen (254), disastrous earthquakes hit the world
541-546	Codex Fuldensis vg(F): Latin Vulgate, 27NT + Epistle to Laodiceans
544	Justinian condemns the "3 Chapters" of Theodore of Mopsuestia (d.428) and
	other writings of "2-natures" Christology of Council of Chalcedon (451)
547	Pope Vigilius issues "Iudicatum" supporting Justinian's anti-"2-natures"
547	Plague reaches Britain
548	Letters of Apringius Pacensis, early Christian church father
550-1453	Medieval Greek of Constantinople (Byzantium) becomes standard Greek
550	Byzantine Greek Text, standard Eastern Bible, much smoothing & conflation
550	St. David converts Wales to Christianity, crucifix becomes Christian icon
550?	Codex Claromontanus (Dp): Greek/Latin Pauline Epistles + Canon of ~250AD
	lists 27NT+Barnabas+Hermas+Acts_of_Paul+Apocalypse_of_Peter;
	"Western" type
550?	Codex Mediolanensis vg(M): Latin Vulgate Gospels
550?	Codex Veronensis: Greek & Old Latin Psalms
555	2nd Council of Constantinople, 5th ecumenical, called by Justinian
556-561	Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, endorsed "Iudicatum" (547)
561-574	Pope John III, authorized by Justinian
565-578	Justin II, Byzantine emperor
567	Letters of Primasius, Cassiodorus; early Christian church fathers
572-628	War between Byzantine empire and Persia
575-579	Pope Benedict I, authorized by Justin II,
578-582	Tiberius II, Byzantine emperor
579-590	Pope Pelagius II, died of plague
582-602	Maurice, Byzantine emperor
587	Visigoths of Spain converted to Christianity
589	Lombards of Italy converted to Christianity
590	Plague in Rome
590-604	Pope Gregory I, commanded that a way be found to collect and preserve the
	singing of the Benedictine monks of Santo Domingo de Silos (now known as
	Gregorian Chant)
594	End of plague which began in 542 and "halved" the population of Europe!
596	St. Augustine of Canterbury sent to convert Britain to Christianity
600?	Codex Harleianus vg(Z): Latin Vulgate Gospels
600?	Codex Philoxenian/Harclean Syr(ph/h): Syriac 27NT, "Western" text-type
602-610	Phocas, Byzantine emperor after killing Maurice
604-606	Pope Sabinian, authorized by Phocas
606-607	Pope Boniface III, authorized by Phocas
607-615	Pope Boniface IV, authorized by Phocas
609	Roman Pantheon (a Pagan Temple) renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda
610-641	Heraclius, Byzantine emperor after killing Phocas
611	Mohammed's reported vision of Allahon Mount Hira
614	Persians take Damascas and Jerusalem and "Holy Cross of Christ"
615	earliest records of some of Mohammed's teachings
615-618	Pope Deusdedit
619-625	Pope Boniface V, authorized by Heraclius
622-680	Monothelite controversy: condemned at 6th Ecum. Council of Constantinople
622	first year in Muslim calendar, The Hegira, 1a.h., (a.h. = anno hegirae)
624	Mohammed marries Aisha, daughter of Abu Bekr
625	Paulinus of Rome comes to convert Northumbria to Christianity
625-638	Pope Honorius I
625	Mohammed begins dictation of Qur'an (Koran) to his scribe
626	King Edwin of Northumbria founds Edinburgh and begins Christianization
627	Byzantines defeat Persians at Nineveh
628	Emperor Heraclius wins back "Cross of Christ" from Persians
628	Mohammed captures Mecca & writes to rulers of the world explaining Islam
629	Heraclius recovers Jerusalem from Persians
629	Pope Honorius I sides with Emperor Heraclius and Monothelites (622)
632	Mohammed, b. 570?, Arab prophet and founder of Islam
632	East Anglia Christianized
632	Abu Bekr, first Islamic Caliph, seat at Medina
634	Omar I, 2d Caliph, takes Syria/Persia/Egypt;defeats Heraclius in Holy War
635	Christianization of Wessex
635-750	Damascus becomes capital of Islamic Caliphs
636	Southern Irish Church submits to Roman Catholicism
637	Jerusalem captured by Islam
638	Emp. Heraclius' "Ecthesis", decrees Christ of one nature: "Monothelites"
640	Pope Severinus
640	Library of Alexandria, "The Center of Western Culture," with 300,000
	ancient papyrus scrolls, is completely distroyed.

640-1380	Period between destruction of Library of Alexandria and the first complete
	English translation of the Bible
640-642	Pope John IV
642-649	Pope Theodore I
649-654	Pope Martin I, martyr
654-657	Pope Eugene I
657-673	Pope Vitalian
673-676	Pope Adeodatus II
676-678	Pope Donus
678-682	Pope Agatho
682-684	Pope Leo II
684-685	Pope Benedict II
685-686	Pope John V
686-687	Pope Conon
687	Anti-Pope Theodore
687	Anti-Pope Paschal
687-701	Pope Sergius I
690?	Earliest Bible translations into England's vernacular, continued work by Bede
	and others from this point forward
701-705	Pope John VI
705-708	Pope John VII
708	Pope Sisinnius
708-715	Pope Constantine
715-731	Pope Gregory II
731-741	Pope Gregory III
741-752	Pope Zachary
750?	Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium
752-757	Pope Stephen II (III)
757-768	Pope Paul I
767	Anti-Pope Constantine
768	Anti-Pope Philip
768-772	Pope Stephen III (IV)
772-795	Pope Adrian I
795-816	Pope Leo III
816-817	Pope Stephen IV (V)
817-824	Pope Paschal I
824-827	Pope Eugene II
827	Pope Valentine
827-844	Pope Gregory IV
844	Anti-Pope John
844-847	Pope Sergius II
847-855	Pope Leo IV
850?	King Alfred translation of several Bible books into English vernacular, also
	done by Aldhelm and Aelfric
855-858	Pope Benedict III
855	Anti-Pope Anastasius
856	Earthquake in Corinth kills 45,000
858-867	Pope Nicholas I
867-872	Pope Adrian II
872-882	Pope John VII
882-884	Pope Marinus I
884-885	Pope Adrian III
885-891	Pope Stephen V (VI)
891-896	Pope Formosus
896	Pope Boniface VI
896-897	Pope Stephen VI (VII)
897	Pope Romanus
897-898	Pope Theodore II
898-900	Pope John IX
900-903	Pope Benedict IV
903-904	Pope Leo V
903	Anti-Pope Christopher
904-911	Pope Sergius III
911-913	Pope Anastasius III
913-914	Pope Landus
914-928	Pope John X
928	Pope Leo VI
928-931	Pope Stephen VII (VIII)
931-936	Pope John XI
936-939	Pope Leo VII
939-942	Pope Stephen VIII (IX)
942-946	Pope Marinus II
946-955	Pope Agapitus II
955-963	Pope John XII
963-964	Pope Leo VIII
964-965	Pope Benedict V
965-973	Pope John XIII
973-974	Pope Benedict VI
974	Anti-Pope Boniface VII
974-983	Pope Benedict VII
983-985	Pope John XIV
985-996	Pope John XV
996-999	Pope Gregory V
997	Anti-Pope John XVI
999-1003	Pope Sylvester II
1003-1004	Pope John XVII
1004-1009	Pope John XVIII
1009-1012	Pope Sergius IV
1012-1024	Pope Benedict VIII
1012	Anti-Pope Gregory
1024-1032	Pope John XIX
1032-1045	Pope Benedict IX
1045	Pope Sylvester III
1045	Pope Benedict IX
1045-1046	Pope Gregory VI
1046-1047	Pope Clement II
1047-1048	Pope Benedict IX
1048-1049	Pope Damasus II
1049-1055	Pope Leo IX
1054	Split between Eastern and Western churches formalized, Orthodox Church
	founded
1055-1057	Pope Victor II
1057-1059	Pope Stephen IX (X)
1057	Earthquake in Cilicia (Asia Minor) kills 60,000
1058	Anti-Pope Benedict X
1059-1061	Pope Nicholas II
1061-1073	Pope Alexender II
1061	Anti-Pope Honorius II
1073-1086	Gregory VII
1080	Anti-Pope Clement III
1086-1088	Pope Victor III
1088-1099	Pope Urban II
1095-1291	10 Crusades, 1st called by Pope Urban II, to restore Asia Minor to Byzantium
	and conquer the Holy Land from the Turks
1099-1118	Pope Paschal II
1100	Anti-Pope Theodoric
1102	Anti-Pope Albert
1105	Anti-Pope Sylvester IV
1118-1119	Pope Gelasius II
1118	Anti-Pope Gregory VIII
1119-1124	Pope Callistus II
1124-1130	Pope Honorius II
1124	Anti-Pope Celestine II
1130-1143	Pope Innocent II
1130	Anti-Pope Anacletus II
1138	Anti-Pope Victor IV
1143-1144	Pope Celestine II
1144-1145	Pope Lucius II
1145-1153	Pope Eugene III
1153-1154	Pope Anastasius IV
1154-1159	Pope Adrian IV
1159-1181	Pope Alexander III
1159	Anti-Pope Victor IV
1164	Anti-Pope Paschal III
1168	Anti-Pope Callistus III
1179	Anti-Pope Innocent III
1181-1185	Pope Lucius III
1185-1187	Pope Urban III
1187	Pope Gregory VIII
1187-1191	Pope Clement III
1191	Pope Celestine III
1198-1216	Pope Innocent III
1206	Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic by an apparition of Mary
1215	Dominican order begun
1216-1227	Pope Honorius III
1223	Franciscan order begun
1225-1274	Thomas Aquinas, theologian and philosopher
1227-1241	Pope Gregory IX
1241-1243	Pope Celestine IV
1243-1254	Pope Innocent IV
1254-1261	Pope Alexander IV
1260	Date which a 1988 Vatican sponsered scientific study places the origin of the
	Shroud of Turin
1261-1265	Pope Urban IV
1265-1271	Pope Clement IV
1271-1276	Pope Gregory X
1276	Pope Innocent V
1276	Pope Adrian V
1276-1277	Pope John XXI
1277-1294	Pope Nicholas IV
1294	Pope Celestine V
1294-1303	Pope Boniface VIII
1303-1305	Pope Benedict XI
1305-1316	Pope Clement V
1316-1334	Pope John XXII
1321?	The Divine Comedy, by Dante Alighieri
1328	Anti-Pope Nicholas V
1334-1342	Pope Benedict XII
1342-1352	Pope Clement VI
1350?	English begins to emerge as the national language of England
1350?	Renaissance begins in Italy
1352-1362	Pope Innocent VI
1354	Earliest extant documentation stating the existance of the Shroud of Turin
1362-1370	Pope Urban V
1370-1378	Pope Gregory XI
1378-1389	Pope Urban VI
1378	Anti-Pope Clement VII

1380-1517	Period between the 1st complete English translation of the Bible and Martin
	Luther's 95 Theses
1380-1382	John Wycliffe, eminant theologian at Oxford, makes NT (1380) and OT (with
	help of Nicholas of Hereford) (1382) translations in English, 1st complete
	translation to English, included deutercanonical books, preached against
	abuses, expressed unorthodox views of the sacraments (Penance and
	Eucharist), the use of relics, and against celibacy of the clergy
1384	John Purvey, follower of John Wycliffe, revises Wycliffe's translation
1389-1404	Pope Boniface IX
1390?	Wycliffe's teachings condemned repeatedly in England
1394	Anti-Pope Benedict XIII
1404-1406	Pope Innocent VII
1406-1417	Pope Gregory XII
1408	Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular
	unless and until they were fully approved by Church authority, sparked by
	Wycliffite Bible, Sir Thomas More said: "It neither forbiddith the translations
	to be read that were already well done of old before Wycliffe's days, nor
	damneth his because it was new but because it was naught; nor prohibiteth
	new to be made but provideth that they shall not be read if they be made
	amiss till they be by good examination amended." ("A Dialogue against
	Heresies")
1409	Anti-Pope Alexander V
1410	Anti-Pope John XXIII
1412-1431	St. Joan of Arc, French national heroine
1415	Council of Florence condemns all of Wycliffe's works, but the actual Bibles
	continued to be used after having the heretical prologue removed, and were
	possessed by both religious houses and those of the nobility and tacitly
	accepted by Catholics
1417-1431	Pope Martin V
1431-1447	Pope Eugene IV
1439	Anti-Pope Felix V
1447-1455	Pope Nicholas V
1453	Byzantium succeeded by the Ottoman Empire
1455-1458	Pope Callistus III
1458-1464	Pope Pius II
1464-1471	Pope Paul II
1466-1536	Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch scholar, Greek NT used in many 16th century
	translations
1471-1484	Pope Sixtus IV
1473-1481	Sistine Chapel built, under supervision of Giovanni de Dolci
1478	Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV
1483-1546	Martin Luther, leader of Protestant reformation, preached that only faith
	leads to salvation without mediation of clergy or good works, attacked
	authority of the Pope, rejected priestly celibacy, recommended individual
	study of the Bible (see 1517, 1522)
1484-1492	Pope Innocent VIII
1488-1569	Miles Coverdale, Augustinian friar who left the Order, repudiated
	Catholicism, 1st Protestant Bishop of Exeter
1491-1556	Ignatius of Loyola, founded the Jesuit order (see 1534)
1492	Christopher Columbus's first voyage, discovers San Salvador - begins
	Spanish colonization of the New World
1492-1503	Pope Alexander VI
1503	Pope Pius III
1503-1513	Pope Julius II
1505-1572	John Knox, Protestant reformer in Scotland (see 1560)
1506	Pope Julius II orders the Old St Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes
	Donato Bramante to plan a new structure, demolition completed in 1606
1508-1512	Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling
1509-1547	Henry VIII ruler of England
1509-1564	John Calvin, preached predetermination, good conduct and success were signs
	of election
1513-1522	Pope Leo X
1517-1994	Modern Era of Christianity - Luther, Calvin lay the seeds of modern
	Protestantism, England breaks away from the Catholic Church
1517	95 Theses (Martin Luther)
1518-1532	St Terese of Avila
1520	Luther excommunicated
1522-1523	Pope Adrian VI
1522	Luther's German NT translation
1523-1534	Pope Clement VII
1524	South German peasant uprising, repressed with Luther's support, begins 1.5
	century long religious wars
1525-1534	Tyndale's translation of the NT from Greek text of Erasmus (1466) compared
	against the Vulgate and the Pentateuch from the Hebrew (1525) compared to
	Vulgate and Luther's German version (1530), first printed edition, used as a
	vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on the Church, reflects influence of
	Luther's NT of 1522 in rejecting "priest" for "elder", "church" for
	"congregation"
1530	Augsburg Confession, Martin Luther founds the Lutheran Church
1531	Reported apparition of Mary at Guadalupe, Mexico, considered "worthy of
	belief" by the Catholic Church
1531	Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 30,000
1534	Henry VIII breaks England away from the Catholic church, confiscates
	monastic property, beginning of Episcopal Church
1534-1550	Pope Paul III
1534	Jesuit order founded by Lyola (1491-1556), helped reconvert large areas of
	Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World,
	India, and China
1535-1537	Coverdale's Bible (see 1488), used Tyndale's (1525) translation along with
	Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like
	Luther) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal
	license, but banned in 1546
1536	Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English
	ecclesiaastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to
	be part of Lutheran reform
1537-1551	Matthew Bible, by John Rogers (1500-1555), based on Tyndale and
	Coverdale received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship,
	numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale)
1536-1541	Michelangelo paints the Last Judgement
1539-1552	Richard Taverner's (1505-1577) revisions of Matthew Bible, mostly NT
	revisions since he didn't know Hebrew, 1st edition most reliable
1539-1569	Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to be authorized for
	public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last
	Tyndale's NT of 1534-1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT,
	Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never
	denounced by England
1542	Conocation makes an unsuccessful attempt to correct the Great Bible against
	the Vulgate
1543	Parliament bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue
	transalation", although 80% of the words were in the RV
1545-1563	Council of Trent, Catholic Reformation, or counter-reformation, met
	Protestant challenge, clearly defining an official theology
1546	King Henry VIII forbids anyone to have a copy of Tyndale's or Coverdale's NT
1547-1553	Edward VI ruler of England
1549	Book of Common Prayer (Episcopal Church)
1550-1555	Pope Julius III
1550?	St. Thomas More, Cranmer, and Foxe affirm the existence of English versions
	of portions of the Bible, including the Gospels (11th century), Mark, Luke,
	Epistles of Paul (14th century), Apocalypse (11th century)
1553-1558	Mary I ruler of England, publications of English Scriptures cease (except for
	Geneva NT of 1557), many clerics leave England
1553	Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City
1555	Pope Marcellus II
1555-1559	Pope Paul IV
1556	Beza's Latin NT
1558-1603	Elizabeth I ruler of England
1559-1566	Pope Pius IV
1560	Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of
	Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read
	in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions
1560	Scotch Presbyterian Church founded by John Knox (1505-1572), due to
	disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government
1563	39 Articles (Episcopal Church)
1566-1572	Pope Pius V
1571	Superior force of Turks intent upon conquering Christian Europe is beaten
	decisively by Christian sailors reportedly calling upon the name of Our Lady
	of the Rosary
1572-1585	Pope Gregory XIII
1572-1606	Bishop's Bible, an inadequate and unsatisfactory revision of the Great Bible
	checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal
	authority
1582	Rheims NT, based on Coverdale, Bishops', Geneva, follows Wycliffe
1585-1590	Pope Sixtus V
1590-1591	Pope Urban VII
1590	Sistine edition of the Vulgate
1590	Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed
1591-1592	Pope Innocent IX
1592-1605	Pope Clement VIII
1596	Ukranian Catholic Church forms when Ukranian subjects of the king of Poland
	are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church
1603-1625	James I ruler of England, 1st to call himself King of Great Britain, became
	official with Act of Union in 1707
1605	Pope Leo XI
1605-1621	Pope Paul V
1606	Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross
1609	Baptist Church founded by John Smyth, due to objections to infant baptism
	and demands for church-state separation
1609-1610	Rheims-Douay Bible, 1st Catholic English translation, OT published in two
	volumes, based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate
	(1590), NT is Rheims text of 1582
1611-1800	King James (Authorized) Version, based on Bishop's Bible of 1572 with use of
	Rheims NT of 1582 - included Apocropha, alterations found in many editions
	through 1800, revisors accused of being "damnable corrupters of God's
	word"
1621-1623	Pope Gregory XV
1623-1644	Pope Urban VIII
1625-1649	Charles I ruler of England
1633	AV published in Scotland
1644	Long Parliament directed that only Hebrew canon only be read in the Church
	of England (effectively removed the Apocropha)
1644-1655	Pope Innocent X
1653-1658	Oliver Cromwell ruler of England
1655-1667	Pope Alexander VII
1658-1712	Richard Cromwell ruler of England
1660-1685	Charles II king of England, restoration of monarchy in England beginning under
	Charles II, continuing through James II, reversed decision of Long Parliament
	of 1644, reinstating the Apocrypha, reversal not heeded by non-conformists
1667-1670	Pope Clement IX
1667	Earthquake in Shemaka, Caucasia kills 80,000
1670-1676	Pope Clement X
1676-1689	Pope Innocent XI
1685-1688	James II king of England, deposed
1689-1702	William III king of England, with Mary II as queen until 1694
1689-1691	Pope Alexander VIII
1691-1700	Pope Innocent XII
1693	Earthquake in Catania, Italy kills 60,000
1700-1721	Pope Clement XI
1702-1714	Anne queen of England
1714-1727	George I king of England
1714	AV published in Ireland
1718	Catholic English version of NT by Dr. Nary, much less bulky than Reims-
	Douay
1721-1724	Pope Innocent XIII
1724-1730	Pope Benedict XIII
1727-1760	George II king of England
1730-1740	Pope Clement XII
1730	Catholic English version of NT, revision of Reims NT by Dr. Robert Witham
1738	Methodist Church founded by Rev John Wesley
1738-1816	New Catholic English versions of NT by Dr. Richard Challoner and Francis
	Blyth O.D.C., Bernard MacMahon, Dr Troy
1740-1758	Pope Benedict XIV
1752	AV published in New World colonies
1755	Earthquake in Northern Persia kills 40,000
1755	Earthquake in Lisbon, Portugal kills 60,000 (estimated at 8.75 Richter)
1758-1769	Pope Clement XIII
1760-1820	George III king of England
1769-1775	Pope Clement XIV
1775-1800	Pope Pius VI
1776	British colonies in America declare independance from England, American
	Revolution
1783	Earthquake in Calabria, Italy kills 30,000
1797	Earthquake in Quito, Ecuador kills 41,000
1800-1823	Pope Pius VII
1801-1877	Brigham Young, Mormon leader, colonized Utah
1811	Dr. Hay's revision of Challoner's version
1820-1830	George IV king of England
1822	Earthquake in Aleppo, Asia Minor kills 22,000
1815	Catholic Bible Society NT, based on Challoner's
1816-1829	Challoner's 3rd revision, Dr. John Lingard's translation from Greek using
	Vulgate when possible
1823-1829	Pope Leo XII
1827	Mormon Church founded by Joseph Smith as a result of reported visions of
	the Angel Moroni
1829-1831	Pope Pius VIII
1830-1837	William IV king of England
1830	Reported apparition of Mary in Paris, France, considered "worthy of belief"
	by the Catholic Church
1831-1846	Pope Gregory XVI
1832	Church of Christ (Disciples) organized, made up of Presbyterians in distress
	over Protestant factionalism and decline of fervor
1837-1901	Victoria queen of England
1846-1878	Pope Pius IX
1846	Reported apparition of Mary in La Salette, France, considered "worthy of
	belief" by the Catholic Church
1852-1922	Charles Taze Russell, founded the Jehova's Witnesses movement in the 1870s
1858	Reported apparition of Mary in Lourdes, France, considered "worthy of
	belief" by the Catholic Church
1859-1959	90 Catholic NT editions, 56 Catholic editions of the whole Bible
1868	Earthquakes in Peru and Ecuador kills 40,000
1869-1870	First Vatican Council, 20th ecumenical, affirms doctrine of papal infallibility
	(ie. when a pope speaks ex cathedra on faith or morals he does so with the
	supreme apostolic authority, which no Catholic may question or reject)
1871	Reported apparition of Mary in Pontmain, France, considered "worthy of
	belief" by the Catholic Church
1875	Earthquake in Colombia, Venezuela
1878-1903	Pope Leo XIII
1878	14-point creed of the Niagara Bible Conference, used by Fundamentalists
1879	Reported apparition of Mary in Knock, Ireland, considered "worthy of belief"
	by the Catholic Church
1881-1894	Revised Version, called for by Church of England, used Greek based on
	Septuagint (B) and (S), Massoretic text used in OT, follows Greek order of
	words, greater accuracy than AV, includes Apocrypha, scholarship never
	disputed
1898-1904	Twentieth Century NT, changed order of books to chronological
1901-1910	Edward VII king of England
1901	American Standard Version, recension of the RV, included words/phrases
	preferred by Americans, follows Greek order of words
1901	Pentecostal Church formed in Topeka, Kansas in reaction to loss of
	evangelical fervor among Methodists and other denominations
1902	Richard Weymouth NT, a careful literary translation
1903-1914	Pope Pius X, most recent Pope to be canonized
1910-1936	George V king of England
1910	5-point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly, also used by
	Fundamentalists
1910-1915	The Fundamentals, a 12-volume collection of essays by 64 British and
	American scholars and preachers, a foundation of Fundamentalism
1913-1924	James Moffat Bible, 1st one man translation in almost 400 years
1914-1922	Pope Benedict XV
1917	Reported apparition of Mary in Fatima, Portugal, "miracle of the sun"
	witnessed by between 70,000 and 100,000 people, considered "worthy of
	belief" by the Catholic Church
1919	World's Christian Fundamentals Association founded
1922-1939	Pope Pius XI
1925	Scopes Trial, caused division among Fundamentalists
1932	Reported apparition of Mary in Beauraing, Belgium, considered "worthy of
	belief" by the Catholic Church
1933	Reported apparition of Mary in Banneux, Belgium, considered "worthy of
	belief" by the Catholic Church
1936	Edward VIII king of England, acceeded and abdicated
1936-1952	George VI king of England
1936	Westminster NT, unofficial Catholic version (not commissioned by the
	Hierarchy)
1939-1958	Pope Pius XII
1945-1955	Knox Version, from Vulgate, asked for by English Hierarchy
1946-1952	Revised Standard Version, revision of AV "based on consonantal Hebrew
	text" for OT and best available texts for NT, done in response to changes in
	English usage
1949	Basic English Bible, only 1000 words, simple and direct style
1949	Discovery of Qumran (Essenes?) scrolls, aka Dead Sea scrolls (see 68)
1952-Present	Elizabeth II queen of England
1957	United Church of Christ founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and
	Evangelical & Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans
1958-1963	Pope John XXIII
1958	J. B. Phillip's NT, uses only commonly spoken language
1959	Statement of Faith (United Church of Christ)
1961	New English Bible, renders original Basic English Bible for private use
1962-1965	Second Vatican Council, 21st ecumenical, announced by Pope John XXIII in
	1959, produced 16 documents which became official after approval by the
	Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us" (Pope
	John XXIII)
1963-1978	Pope Paul VI
1966	RSV Catholic Edition, a joint effort between Catholics and the Church of
	England, a big step towards a common Catholic/Protestant Bible
1966	Jerusalem Bible, translation from original languages based on Bible de
	Jerusalem, Catholic version
1970	Confraternity Version, new Catholic translation from the originals which
	began before 1939 as a translation from the Vulgate, but ending up as a new
	translation from the Hebrew (OT) and Greek (NT).
1971	New American Standard Bible, updated the ASV using recent Hebrew and
	Greek textual discoveries
1978	Pope John Paul I
1978	New International Version, used eclectic Greek text, Massoretic Hebrew
	text, and current English style
1978-?	Pope John Paul II, reaffirmed conservative moral traditions (The Splendor of
	Truth) and the forbidding of women in the priesthood
1979-1982?	New King James Bible, complete revision of 1611 AV, updates archaisms
	while retaining style
1981-?	Reported apparitions of Mary in Medjugorje, Yugoslavia, not yet
	approved/disapproved by the Catholic Church
1994	Declaration of cooperation between Evangelicals and Catholics

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